tRNAs, charging reaction, translation in detail -- Lecture 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

structure of a transfer RNA (tRNA):

tRNA molecules (what do they do)

A

carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a protein

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2
Q

structure of a transfer RNA (tRNA):

the anticodon associates w/ the codon thru ___

A

complementary base pairing

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3
Q

structure of a transfer RNA (tRNA):

parts of a tRNA

A

amino acid

acceptor stem

anticodon loop

anticodon

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4
Q

structure of a transfer RNA (tRNA):

charged tRNA (what is it)

A

a tRNA w/ an amino acid attached

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5
Q

how does the amino acid get attached to the tRNA to make it a charged tRNA?

A

thru the tRNA charging reaction

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6
Q

tRNA charging reaction:

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) enzymes bind to

A

an amino acid

an ATP

an ‘uncharged’ tRNA (not bound to an amino acid)

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7
Q

tRNA charging reaction:

using the ___, the amino acid is covalently bound to the tRNA ‘charged’

A

energy from ATP hydrolysis

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8
Q

tRNA charging reaction:

using the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the ___

A

amino acid is covalently bound to the tRNA ‘charged’

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9
Q

tRNA charging reaction:

there are ___ aaRS enzymes (one for each amino acid)

A

20

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10
Q

what are the phases of translation?

A

initiation

elongation

termination

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11
Q

phases of translation:

initiation (what happens)

A

assembly of the ribosome/mRNA/charged-tRNAs

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12
Q

phases of translation:

elongation (what happens)

A

starts at the ‘Start’ codon (methionine)

amino acids are added until the ‘Stop’ codon

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13
Q

phases of translation:

termination (what happens)

A

the new protein is released from the ribosome

the ribosome complex disassembles

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14
Q

prokaryotic initiation steps:

1) ___ in the small ribosomal subunit binds the ___ at the ___ (complementary rRNA/mRNA sequences)

A

rRNA

mRNA

5’ ribosome binding sequence

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15
Q

prokaryotic initiation steps:

2) the ___ binds to the ___ codon (AUG) (methionine)

A

initiator tRNA

start codon

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16
Q

prokaryotic initiation steps:

3) the ___ subunit joins and initiation is complete

A

large ribosomal subunit

17
Q

eukaryotic initiation steps:

1) the ___ subunit + ___ bind to the mRNA 5’ cap

A

small ribosomal subunit

initiator Met tRNA

18
Q

eukaryotic initiation steps:

2) the complex scans the mRNA until it finds the ___ codon (AUG)

A

start

19
Q

eukaryotic initiation steps:

3) the ___ ribosomal subunit joins the complex and ___ is complete

A

large

initiation

20
Q

ribosome tRNA binding sites:

‘P’ site (what is it)

A

where the initiator tRNA binds

21
Q

ribosome tRNA binding sites:

‘A’ site (what is it)

A

where the next tRNA binds carrying the next amino acid to be added to the protein

22
Q

ribosome tRNA binding sites:

‘E’ site (what is it)

A

where spent uncharged tRNAs are ejected

23
Q

elongation overview:

translocation (what is it)

A

the movement of the ribosome down the length of the mRNA

24
Q

amino acids are joined by ___ bonds

A

covalent

25
Q

proteins are always synthesized in the ___ to ___ direction

A

N-terminal to C-terminal direction

26
Q

protein synthesis continues until the ___ codon –> then ___ of translation

A

‘Stop’

termination

27
Q

translation termination (steps):

1) release factor (definition)

A

protein that binds to the stop codon (no tRNAs for the stop codons)

28
Q

translation termination (steps):

2) the protein is ___ from the ribosome

A

released

29
Q

translation termination (steps):

3) the ribosome complex ___

A

falls apart

30
Q

(summary) steps in elongation:

initiation complete:

A

the initiator tRNA is bound to the P site

a new charged tRNA binds to the A site

31
Q

(summary) steps in elongation:

formation of the peptide bond:

A

amino acid chain is transferred form the tRNA in the P site to the tRNA in the A site

the tRNA in the P site now has no AA (uncharged)

32
Q

(summary) steps in elongation:

translocation:

A

the ribosome moves 1 codon down the mRNA

the uncharged tRNA in the P site shifts to the E site (ejected)

the tRNA in the A site shifts to the P site

a new charged tRNA can now bind to the codon in the A site