Levels of protein structure -- Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

amino acid structure:

parts of amino acid:

A

central carbon

amino terminal end

carboxyl terminal end

R group

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2
Q

amino acid structure:

what makes an amino acid special?

A

R group

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3
Q

amino acid structure:

R group (what is it)

A

variable part of amino acids

give amino acid their individual electrochemical characteristics

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4
Q

4 levels of protein structure (what are they?)

A

primary

secondary (and super secondary)

tertiary

quaternary

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5
Q

4 levels of protein structure:

primary structure (what is it)

A

sequence of amino acids in a protein

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6
Q

4 levels of protein structure:

primary structure:

what bonds hold the amino acids together?

what are the 2 ends of the peptide backbone?

A

peptide bonds

amino end (N-terminus) and carboxyl end (C-terminus)

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7
Q

4 levels of protein structure:

primary structure:

are the R groups part of the peptide backbone?

A

no

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8
Q

secondary structure:

what causes the protein folding?

A

folding caused by interactions w/in the peptide bond

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9
Q

secondary structure:

what bonds are present in the secondary structure? How are they formed?

A

hydrogen bonds form b/n amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms

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10
Q

secondary structures:

what are they?

A

alpha-helix

beta-pleated sheets (consists of 2 or more hydrogen bonded beta-strands)

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11
Q

super secondary structure (how is it formed)

A

forms when alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets combine in various ways to form motifs

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12
Q

super secondary structure:

alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets combine in various ways to form ___

types of ___:

A

motifs

beta-barrel

beta-alpha-beta unit

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13
Q

protein structure:

all ___ are formed by H-bonding w/in the peptide backbone

A

secondary structures

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14
Q

protein structure:

all secondary structures are formed by ___ w/in the peptide backbone

A

H-bonding

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15
Q

protein structure:

all secondary structures are formed by H-bonding w/in the ___

A

peptide backbone

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16
Q

protein structure:

how do we refer to the entire 3D structure of a folded protein?

A

tertiary structure

17
Q

tertiary structure (what is it)

A

3D shape of the entire protein

18
Q

tertiary structure is stabilized by interactions b/n the ___ of the amino acids

A

R groups

19
Q

stabilizing tertiary structure:

electrostatic interactions:

A

H-bonds b/n R groups

ionic bonds b/n R groups

20
Q

stabilizing tertiary structure:

disulfide bridges:

A

cysteine have a sulfhydryl (SH) group

the SH groups of 2 cysteine residues can form covalent bonds called disulfide (S-S) bridges

21
Q

stabilizing tertiary structure:

van der Waals interaction:

A

weak attractive force b/n non-polar molecules due to charge fluctuations in the electron clouds of atoms

22
Q

stabilizing tertiary structure:

hydrophobic interactions:

A

hydrophobic (water fearing) R groups will fold to the interior of the protein to avoid contacting w/ aqueous environment

23
Q

protein domains:

domains are formed from a combination of ___ and ___ interactions

A

secondary and tertiary

24
Q

protein domains:

domains are the ___ of a protein

A

functional subunits

25
Q

protein domains:

1 protein can contain ___ domains

A

multiple

26
Q

examples of protein domains:

DNA binding domains (DBD):

A

any protein that directly binds to DNA (ex. transcription factors) needs a DNA binding domain

27
Q

examples of protein domains:

activating transcription of a gene requires a ___ to attract/interact w/ RNA Polymerase

A

transcriptional activation domain (TAD)

28
Q

examples of protein domains:

activating transcription of a gene requires a transcriptional activation domain (TAD) to ___

A

attract/interact w/ RNA Polymerase

29
Q

examples of protein domains:

the function of a protein is defined by what ___ it has

A

domain

30
Q

the highest level of a structure for a single protein is ___ structure

A

tertiary

31
Q

quaternary structure (what is it)

A

the interaction of multiple proteins into multi-protein complexes

32
Q

quaternary structure:

example and what it consists of

A

hemoglobin protein in RBC’s

consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta proteins

4 proteins = tetramer

33
Q

quaternary structure:

hemoglobin function

A

carries oxygen from the lungs tot eh cells of the body

34
Q

___ is critical to protein function

A

proper folding

35
Q

proper folding is critical to protein function:

chaperone proteins (what they do)

A

enzymes that help proteins fold and/or refold

they provide an optimal folding environment for other proteins

critical to the proper folding and refolding of most proteins

36
Q

proper folding is critical to protein function:

misfiled proteins are unable to function properly and are the cause of ___

A

certain diseases

37
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF):

what is it

A

disease in which abnormally thick mucus blocks airways causing difficulty breathing

38
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF):

the CFTR protein regulates the ___

A

thickness of mucus

39
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF):

a mutation in the CFTR gene blocks the interaction b/n the ___ and its ___

CFTR ___ fold properly and is ___ to function

A

CFTR protein and its chaperone protein

cannot fold properly –> unable to function