Final exam review Flashcards
2 muscle types:
striated
unstriated
muscle types:
striated (types)
cardiac
skeletal
muscle types:
unstriated (types)
smooth
structure of skeletal muscle (components)
fascicles
muscle fibers
myofibrils
structure of skeletal muscle:
fascicles (what are they)
bundles of muscle fibers (muscle cells)
structure of skeletal muscle:
muscle fibers (what are they)
cells that contain myofibrils
structure of skeletal muscle:
myofibrils (what are they)
contain the contractile units of the muscle (sarcomeres)
sarcomeres (what are they)
contractile units of the muscle
sarcomere contraction:
myosin filaments (characteristics)
thick
motor proteins
sarcomere contraction:
actin filaments (characteristics)
thin
sarcomere contraction:
H bands (what are they)
during sarcomere contraction, H bands ___
distance b/n actin filaments
shorten/disappear
sarcomere contraction:
I bands (what are they)
during sarcomere contraction, I bands ___
distance b/n Z disks and myosin filaments
shorten
during sarcomere contraction:
the distance b/n Z disks ___
shortens
sarcomere contraction:
a full contraction ___ muscle length by ___
shortens
20%
types of skeletal muscle fibers:
slow-twitch
fast-twitch
types of skeletal muscle fibers:
slow-twitch (characteristics)
generate full contractions more slowly but are resistant to fatigue
types of skeletal muscle fibers:
fast-twitch (characteristics)
generate full contractions quickly but fatigue quickly
types of skeletal muscle fibers:
the % of fast or slow-twitch fibers in any given muscles ___
varies
muscle energy generation:
how many ATP supply systems are there?
what are they?
3
immediate system
glycolytic system
oxidative system
muscle energy generation:
immediate system (what does it do, how long does it last?)
uses existing ATP supplies and ATP regenerated by the enzyme Creatine kinase using phosphocreatine as a phosphate source
lasts 30 seconds
muscle energy generation:
glycolytic system (what does it do, how long does it last?)
metabolizes readily available carbohydrates to regenerate ATP
lasts 10-15 minutes
muscle energy generation:
oxidative system (what does it do, how long does it last?)
metabolizes stored carbohydrates and fats to generate ATP
lasts until muscle failure
circulatory system:
what are the key components?
muscular pump – the heart
circulatory fluid:
- blood
- hemolymph
series of conduits – vasculature (vessels)
circulatory system:
blood (what does it contain)
red blood cells
hemoglobin
circulatory system:
hemolymph (what does it contain)
hemocytes
hemocyanin
categories of circulatory systems:
open circulatory system
closed circulatory system
categories of circulatory systems:
open circulatory system (characteristics)
circulatory fluid exits the vessels, diffuses thru the tissues, then returns to the heart thru openings called ostia
categories of circulatory systems:
closed circulatory system (characteristics)
circulatory fluid never exits the vessels
heart chambers (what are they)
atria
ventricles
heart chambers:
atria (what are they)
chambers that receive blood and send it to ventricles
heart chambers:
ventricles (what are they)
chambers that receive blood from atria and send it either to the lungs or out to the body for circulation
differences in vertebrate hearts:
fish (how many chambers in heart and what are the chambers?)
2-chambered heart
1 atrium
1 ventricle
differences in vertebrate hearts:
amphibians and some reptiles (how many chambers in heart and what are the chambers?)
3-chambered heart
2 atria
1 ventricle
differences in vertebrate hearts:
mammals and some reptiles (how many chambers in heart and what are the chambers?)
4-chambered heart
2 atria
2 ventricles
overview of circulation:
pulmonary circuit:
heart –> lungs –> heart
overview of circulation:
systemic circuit:
heart –> body –> heart
overview of circulation:
how does blood flow?
heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> heart
overview of circulation:
arteries and arterioles (what are they and what do they do)
arteries (large)
arterioles (small)
carry oxygenated blood from heart to capillaries
overview of circulation:
capillaries (what are they and what do they do)
vessels that deliver oxygen/nutrients to the tissues of the body and carry away CO2/other waste products
overview of circulation:
venules and veins (what are they and what do they do)
venules (small)
veins (large)
carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries back to the heart
directing blood flow:
precapillary sphincters (PCS) (what are they and what do they do)
smooth muscles that regulate blood flow into capillary beds
directing blood flow:
precapillary sphincters (PCS):
contracted PCS (what does it cause)
limits blood flow into a capillary bed
directing blood flow:
precapillary sphincters (PCS):
relaxed PCS (what does it cause)
increases blood flow into a capillary bed
allows blood to be directed where it’s needed most
___ varies in different vessels
blood pressure