Finish muscles, circulatory system -- Lecture 22

Question 1

2 types of skeletal muscle fibers:

slow-twitch fibers (characteristics)

Answer 1

generate full contractions more slowly but are very resistant to fatigue

has a darkish red color (dark meat)

Question 2

2 types of skeletal muscle fibers:

fast-twitch fibers (characteristics)

Answer 2

generate full contractions quickly but also fatigue much more quickly

is white in color (white meat)

Question 3

2 types of skeletal muscle fibers:

muscles are a ___ of fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers

% depends on a ___

Answer 3

mix

muscle’s function

Question 4

muscle function and fiber composition:

postural muscles –

what do they do?

what is their muscle fiber composition?

Answer 4

can maintain continuous contractions and are slow to fatigue

have a high % of slow-twitch fibers

Question 5

muscle function and fiber composition:

bicep muscles –

what do they do?

what is their muscle fiber composition?

Answer 5

generate full contractions quickly, but also fatigue quickly

have higher percentage of fast-twitch fibers

Question 6

fiber type composition naturally ___ in people

Answer 6

varies

Question 7

fiber type composition naturally varies in people:

marathon athletes fiber type composition

Answer 7

more slow-twitch fibers than fast-twitch

Question 8

fiber type composition naturally varies in people:

middle distance athletes fiber type composition

Answer 8

have roughly the same % of fast-twitch as slow-twitch

Question 9

fiber type composition naturally varies in people:

spinters’ fiber type composition

Answer 9

more fast-twitch fibers than slow-twitch

Question 10

fiber type composition naturally varies in people:

exercises that engage particular fibers will make those fibers ___ and more ___

Answer 10

larger and more efficient

Question 11

muscle energy generation:

muscle performance depends on ___

Answer 11

ATP supply

Question 12

muscle energy generation:

muscles have ___ ATP supply systems

Answer 12

3

Question 13

muscle energy generation:

3 muscle ATP supply systems:

immediate system –

what does it do

how long does it last

Answer 13

uses existing ATP supplies and ATP regenerated using phosphocreatine

lasts 30 seconds

Question 14

muscle energy generation:

3 muscle ATP supply systems:

how is phosphocreatine created in the immediate system?

Answer 14

creatine kinase transfers a phosphate group to ADP –> produces phosphocreatine

Question 15

muscle energy generation:

3 muscle ATP supply systems:

what is phosphocreatine?

Answer 15

an energy reserve

Question 16

muscle energy generation:

3 muscle ATP supply systems:

glycolytic system –

what does it do

how long does it last

Answer 16

metabolizes readily available carbohydrates to generate ATP

lasts 10-15 minutes

Question 17

muscle energy generation:

3 muscle ATP supply systems:

oxidative system –

what does it do

how long does it last

Answer 17

metabolizes stored carbohydrates and fats to generate ATP

lasts until muscle failure

Question 18

circulatory system:

a circulatory system functions to ___

Answer 18

transport materials around the body

Question 19

circulatory system:

multicellular organisms need to:

Answer 19

deliver oxygen and nutrients to and waste products from all cells in the body

Question 20

circulatory system key components:

Answer 20

muscular pump – the heart

fluid – blood or hemolymph

series of conduits – blood vessels

Question 21

categories of circulatory systems:

open circulatory system:

Answer 21

fluid exits the vessels, flows thru the tissues, then returns to the heart and the vessels

Question 22

categories of circulatory systems:

closed circulatory system:

Answer 22

fluid never exits the vessels, is contained in a continuous system of vessels

Question 23

open circulatory system (insects)

what happens?

Answer 23

a tubular heart pumps the circulatory fluid (hemolymph) thru vessels

hemolymph leaves the vessels

disperses thru the tissues –> returns to the heart thru openings called ostia

Question 24

open circulatory systems (insects):

hemolymph (definition)

Answer 24

circulatory fluid in insects

has hemocyte instead of red blood cells

has hemocyanin instead of hemoglobin (blue-green color)

Question 25

open circulatory systems (insects):

ostia

Answer 25

openings thru which hemolymph returns to the heart after dispersion thru tissues

Question 26

closed circulatory systems (vertebrates, worms):

blood is kept separate from tissues; pumped thru the ___

Answer 26

vascular system

Question 27

closed circulatory systems (vertebrates, worms):

___ is kept separate from tissues; pumped thru the vascular system

Answer 27

blood

Question 28

closed circulatory systems (vertebrates, worms):

blood is kept ___ from tissues; pumped thru the vascular system

Answer 28

separate

Question 29

closed circulatory systems (vertebrates, worms):

blood is kept separate from ___; pumped thru the vascular system

Answer 29

tissues

Question 30

closed circulatory systems (vertebrates, worms):

blood never leaves the ___

Answer 30

vasculature

Question 31

closed circulatory systems (vertebrates, worms):

advantages:

Answer 31

faster transport of blood using vessels

blood can be directed to and from specific tissues depending on need

Question 32

heart chambers:

atria (definition)

Answer 32

chambers that receive blood and send it to a ventricle

Question 33

heart chambers:

ventricles (definition)

Answer 33

chambers that send blood to the lungs or out to the body

Question 34

differences in vertebrate hearts:

fish

Answer 34

2-chambered heart

1 atrium, 1 ventricle

Question 35

differences in vertebrate hearts:

amphibians and some reptiles

Answer 35

3-chambered heart

2 atria, 1 ventricle

Question 36

differences in vertebrate hearts:

mammals and some reptiles

Answer 36

4-chambered heart

2 atria, 2 ventricles

Question 37

pericardium (what is it)

Answer 37

sac that surrounds the heart and contains fluid to cushion and lubricate the heart

Question 38

pericardium:

pericarditis (what is it)

Answer 38

inflammation of the pericardium due to viral or bacterial infection