Epigenetics -- Lecture 17

Question 1

epigenetic modifications are….

Answer 1

modifications that change the expression of genes w/o changing the DNA sequence of the gene

Question 2

epigenetic modifications:

example of epigenetic modification is:

Answer 2

turning a gene on or off

Question 3

epigenetic modifications:

epigenetic changes often change the ___

Answer 3

chromatin structure of a gene

Question 4

epigenetic modifications:

___ often change the chromatin structure of a gene

Answer 4

epigenetic changes

Question 5

chromatin review:

epigenetic modifications change how ___ DNA and ___ bind to each other

Answer 5

how tightly DNA and histones bind to each other

Question 6

chromatin review:

epigenetic modifications change how tightly ___ and histones ___ to each other

Answer 6

DNA and histones bind to each other

Question 7

chromatin review:

___ change how tightly DNA and histones bind to each other

Answer 7

epigenetic modifications

Question 8

chromatin review:

there are ___ types of chromatin (what are the types)

Answer 8

2 types

euchromatin
heterochromatin

Question 9

types of chromatin:

euchromatin:

DNA and ___ are ___ associated and DNA ___ accessible to ___

Answer 9

DNA and histones are loosely associated and DNA is accessible to transcription factor/RNA Pol binding

Question 10

types of chromatin:

heterochromatin:

DNA and ___ are ___ associated and DNA and ___ accessible to ___

Answer 10

DNA and histones are tightly associated and DNA is not accessible to transcription factor/RNA Pol binding

Question 11

types of chromatin:

chromatin remodeling (definition)

Answer 11

changing the chromatin state

Question 12

histone acetylation:

acetyl groups are ___

Answer 12

negatively charged

Question 13

histone acetylation:

___ are negatively charged

Answer 13

acetyl groups

Question 14

histone acetylation:

the amino terminal tails of histone proteins extend out from the ___. They can be ___

Answer 14

nucleosome core

acetylated

Question 15

histone acetylation:

the ___ of histone proteins extend out from the ___. They can be acetylated.

Answer 15

amino acid terminal tails

nucleosome core

Question 16

histone acetylation:

the amino terminal tails of ___ extend out from the nucleosome core. They can be acetylated

Answer 16

histone proteins

Question 17

histone acetylation:

negatively charged ___ are attached to lysine in the N-terminal tails of histones

Answer 17

acetyl groups

Question 18

histone acetylation:

___ acetyl groups are attached to lysine in the N-terminal tails of histones

Answer 18

negatively charged

Question 19

histone acetylation:

negatively charged acetyl groups are attached to ___ in the N-terminal tails of histones

Answer 19

lysine

Question 20

histone acetylation:

negatively charged acetyl groups are attached to lysine in the ___ of histones

Answer 20

N-terminal tails

Question 21

histone acetylation:

negatively charged acetyl groups are attached to lysine in the N-terminal tails of ___

Answer 21

histones

Question 22

histone acetylation:

the added ___ charges makes the histones more ___ charged

Answer 22

negative

negatively

Question 23

histone acetylation:

the added negative charges makes the ___ more negatively charged

Answer 23

histones

Question 24

HATs and HDACs:

histones are acetylated by ___

Answer 24

histone acetyl transferases (HATs)

Question 25

HATs and HDACs:

histones are ___ by histone acetyl transferases (HATs)

Answer 25

acetylated

Question 26

HATs and HDACs:

histones are deacetylated by ___

Answer 26

histone deacetylases (HDACs)

Question 27

HATs and HDACs:

histones are ___ by histone deacetylases (HDACs)

Answer 27

deacetylated

Question 28

HATs and HDACs:

high levels of acetylation is ___

histones are more ___ charged

Answer 28

hyperacetylation

negatively

Question 29

HATs and HDACs:

___ levels of acetylation is hyperacetylation

___ are more negatively charged

Answer 29

high

histones

Question 30

HATs and HDACs:

relaxed chromatin genes are ___ likely to be expressed

Answer 30

more

Question 31

HATs and HDACs:

___ genes are more likely to be expressed

Answer 31

relaxed chromatin genes

Question 32

DNA methylation:

a ___ can be added to ___ in DNA to form 5-methylcytosine

Answer 32

methyl group

cytosines

Question 33

DNA methylation:

a methyl group can be added to cytosines in ___ to form ___

Answer 33

DNA

5-methylcytosine

Question 34

DNA methylation:

the methyl group:

Answer 34

a physical barrier to the binding of transcription factors (inhibits gene transcription)

Question 35

DNA methylation:

cytosines methylated by ___

Answer 35

DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs)

Question 36

DNA methylation:

___ methylated by DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs)

Answer 36

cytosines

Question 37

DNA methylation:

cytosines demethylated by ___

Answer 37

DNA demethyases

Question 38

DNA methylation:

___ demethylated by DNA demethyases

Answer 38

cytosines

Question 39

DNA methylation:

cytosines ___ by DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs)

Answer 39

methylated

Question 40

DNA methylation:

cytosines ___ by DNA demethyases

Answer 40

demethylated

Question 41

DNA methylation:

are all cytosines methylated?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

not all cytosines are methylated:

only cytosines that are ___ are methylated

Answer 42

followed by a guanine (5’ CG 3’)

Question 43

not all cytosines are methylated:

many genes in the human genome have ___ called CpG islands (C phosphodiester bonded to a G)

Answer 43

CG-rich regions of DNA sequence

Question 44

not all cytosines are methylated:

many genes in the human genome have CG-rich regions of DNA sequence called ___

Answer 44

CpG islands (C phosphodiester bonded to a G)

Question 45

not all cytosines are methylated:

CpG islands often located in the ___

Answer 45

promoter region of genes

Question 46

epigenetic modifications:

changes in the levels of ___ and ___ combine to remodel chromatin and affect gene transcription

Answer 46

histone acetylation and DNA methylation

Question 47

epigenetic modifications:

changes in the levels of histone acetylation and DNA methylation combine to ___ and ___

Answer 47

remodel chromatin and affect gene transcription

Question 48

epigenetic modifications:

euchromatin (modifications)

Answer 48

hyperacetylation of histones
hypomethylation of DNA
promotes gene expression

Question 49

epigenetic modifications:

heterochromatin (modifications)

Answer 49

hypoacetylation of histones
hypermethylation of DNA
inhibits gene expression

Question 50

epigenetic modifications fine-tune gene expression:

different ___ have different methylation/acetylation patterns which contribute to differences in gene expression

Answer 50

cell types

Question 51

epigenetic modifications fine-tune gene expression:

different cell types have different ___ patterns which contribute to differences in gene expression

Answer 51

methylation/acetylation patterns

Question 52

epigenetic modifications fine-tune gene expression:

different cell types have different methylation/acetylation patterns which contribute to differences in ___

Answer 52

gene expression

Question 53

epigenetic in development:

in the sperm:

the pattern of epigenetic modifications favor the expression of genes that will ___

Answer 53

promote maximum growth of the fetus

Question 54

epigenetic in development:

in the egg:

the pattern of epigenetic modifications favor the expression of genes that will ___

Answer 54

modest growth of the fetus

Question 55

parental conflict theory:

paternal and maternal gene expression patterns ___ each other

Answer 55

oppose

Question 56

parental conflict theory:

a ___ results in fit offspring that allow the mother to remain healthy and able to reproduce again

Answer 56

balance

Question 57

parental conflict theory:

an ___ can result in offspring that are either:

Answer 57

too small/weak and unfit to survive

grow so large that it ends up hurting or killing the mother or leaves her unable to reproduce again