Cell-Cell Signaling -- Lecture 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

parental conflict theory:

___ in sperm and egg favor opposing agendas

A

epigenetic patterns

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2
Q

parental conflict theory:

a ___ is critical to the offspring

A

balance

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3
Q

how cells communicate:

cells that are ___ put out ligands

A

talking

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4
Q

how cells communicate:

cells that are talking put out ___

A

ligands

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5
Q

how cells communicate:

ligands are ___

A

signaling molecules

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6
Q

how cells communicate:

___ are signaling molecules

A

ligands

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7
Q

how cells communicate:

cells that are listening have a ___

A

receptor

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8
Q

how cells communicate:

cells that are ___ have a receptor

A

listening

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9
Q

how cells communicate:

what is the receptor?

A

receptor is the part of the listening cell that the ligand attaches to

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10
Q

how cells communicate:

ligand/receptor complex

A

transduces a signal into the cell

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11
Q

signal transduction leads to a ___

A

cellular response

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12
Q

___ leads to a cellular response

A

signal transduction

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13
Q

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

ligand/receptor complex ___ the signal into the cell

A

transduces (transmits)

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14
Q

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

___ transduces (transmits) the signal into the cell

A

ligand/receptor complex

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15
Q

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

some examples of types of cellular responses:

A

altered metabolism

altered gene expression

altered cell shape or motility

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16
Q

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

the responding cell is called the ___

A

target cell

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17
Q

signal transduction leads to a cellular response:

the ___ is called the target cell

A

responding cell

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18
Q

target cells vs. non-target cells:

does every cell respond to every signal? Explain.

A

no; only cells w/ the proper receptor will respond to a particular ligand

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19
Q

target cells vs. non-target cells:

target cells have a ___ to receive a ___ to create a ___

A

receptor

ligand

response

20
Q

target cells vs. non-target cells:

non-target cells don’t have a ___ to receive a ___, so they will have ___

A

no receptor

ligand

no response

21
Q

categories of cell signaling:

there are ___ types of cell signaling

A

5

22
Q

categories of cell signaling:

categories are based on:

A

the distance b/n the cells that are communicating

the type of cells that are communicating

23
Q

categories of cell signaling:

autocrine signaling (what is it and examples)

A

cell signaling to itself

ex.

immune cells – can amplify their own response to infection and injuries

cancer cells – can stimulate their own growth and mobility

24
Q

categories of cell signaling:

direct cell-to-cell contact can be found in 2 ways:

A

direct contact b/n surface ligand/surface receptor

direct transmission of ligands thru gap junctions b/n cells

25
Q

categories of cell signaling:

direct cell-to-cell contact (examples)

A

cell-cell interactions play a role during embryonic development and wound healing

26
Q

categories of cell signaling:

paracrine signaling (definition and example)

A

cells signaling to nearby cells

ex.
embryonic development – development of the spinal cord

27
Q

categories of cell signaling:

endocrine signaling (definition and example)

A

systematic (organism wide) signaling via the circulatory system

ex.
hormones – released into the blood stream. Stimulate development and maintenance of the reproductive system

28
Q

categories of cell signaling:

synaptic signaling (definition and example)

A

signal by a nerve cell thru a synapse to another nerve cell or a responding cell

ex.
neurotransmitters – signaling molecules sent from a nerve cell to another nerve cell or a responding cell (such as a muscle cell)

29
Q

types of signaling molecules (ligands):

non-circulating ligands (examples)

A

membrane-bound ligands

ligands that pass thru gap junctions

30
Q

types of signaling molecules (ligands):

circulating ligands (definition and components)

A

circulate thru the blood or other bodily fluids

non polar (hydrophobic)
polar (hydrophilic ligands)
31
Q

hydrophobic ligands:

example

A

hormones:

can diffuse across the plasma membrane

hydrophobic ligands bind to intracellular receptors

intracellular receptors transmit the signal

cell responds

32
Q

hydrophilic ligands:

are ___ and cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane

A

polar

33
Q

hydrophilic ligands:

are polar and ___

A

cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane

34
Q

hydrophilic ligands:

must bind to ___ which have 3 protein domains

A

membrane bound receptors

35
Q

hydrophilic ligands:

3 protein domains of membrane bound receptors

A

1) extracellular ligand binding domain (binds to ligand)
2) transmembrane domain (goes thru the plasma membrane)
3) intracellular signaling domain (transduces the signal)

36
Q

pharmaceuticals:

many drugs ___ receptors

A

target (bind to)

37
Q

pharmaceuticals:

many drugs target (bind to) ___

A

receptors

38
Q

pharmaceuticals:

the drugs can be ___ or antagonists

A

agonists

39
Q

pharmaceuticals:

the drugs can be agonists or ___

A

antagonists

40
Q

pharmaceuticals:

agonists (do what?)

A

mimics the action of ligand (activates receptor)

41
Q

pharmaceuticals:

antagonists (do what?)

A

bind to, but not activate a receptor

they block ligands from binding to the receptor

42
Q

pharmaceuticals:

examples of an agonist

A

drugs that activate the opioid receptor

43
Q

naloxone/narcan is an ___

A

opioid receptor antagonist

44
Q

naloxone/narcan (what does it do)

A

outcompetes agonists for binding to the opioid receptor

blocks the effects of drugs such as heroine and other opioid receptor agonists

45
Q

other medical uses for receptor antagonists:

antihistamines (what do they do)

A

block the activity of histamine receptors to lessen the immune response

46
Q

other medical uses for receptor antagonists:

beta blockers (what do they do)

A

block some receptor sites for adrenaline to control blood pressure

47
Q

other medical uses for receptor antagonists:

in cancer therapy (what do they do)

A

many cancer therapy drugs that block receptors important to cancer cell growth and metastasis