Lab -- echinoderm/frog/chicken development lab Flashcards
fertilization is thought to be the….
the start of development
fertilization is a necessary trigger for
for the continued development o fan oocyte into a complete organism
fertilization accomplishes two things:
1
1) activates the oocyte (or sometimes egg) so that it goes on to complete its development
fertilization accomplishes two things:
2
2) provides the means by which the haploid set of chromosomes of the sperm joins the haploid set of chromosomes of the egg –>
restores the diploid condition –>
makes a brand new, unique combination of genes in the individual that develops from the zygote that is created
examples of echinoderms
starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber
fertilization in echinoderms
fertilization membrane lifts off surface of egg soon after the first sperm makes contact
membrane is 1 mechanism that prevents polyspermy
polyspermy
entrance of more than 1 sperm into the egg
fertilization membrane
long-term mechanical barrier that helps to ensure that the zygote will be diploid and not triploid, tetraploid, or whatever
while the membrane is being constructed…
a rapid and short-term electrical block to polyspermy protects the just-fertilized egg
nature’s role in preventing polyspermy in echinoderm fertilization
wild echinoderms release gametes into water –> water dilute egg and sperm –> lowers chance that more than 1 sperm will fertilize a single egg
echinoderm development:
flagella
allow sperm to move
echinoderm development:
what causes beginning of lifting of the fertilization membrane off the surface of the egg?
sperm makes contact on surface of egg –> blister forms and encompasses the whole egg
echinoderm development:
when completely raised off, the fertilization membrane will be ___ with the egg’s surface
concentric
echinoderm development:
when completely raised off, the fertilization membrane will be concentric with the ___
egg’s surface
echinoderm development:
what happens after sperm head migrates into egg’s cytoplasm?
sperm head enters egg’s cytoplasm ands begins to swell –> becomes male pronucleus
male pronucleus migrates toward female pronucleus
echinoderm development:
egg nucleus is called…
female pronucleus
echinoderm development:
what happens as male pronucleus migrates toward female pronucleus?
synthesis of DNA –> results in formation of a new chromatid for each of the chromosomes in the male and female pronuclei
echinoderm development:
male pronucleus fuses w/ female pronucleus…
forms zygote nucleus that contains a diploid # of chromosomes
echinoderm development:
as zygote forms and becomes embryo
tremendous increase in rate of biosynthetic activity in zygote
DNA synthesis
burst of RNA synthesis and protein synthesis
first cleavage in zygote
echinoderm development:
cleavage in the sea urchin is ___. This means….
holoblastic –> cleavage furrows cut completely and quickly thru the embryo
echinoderm development:
echinoderm egg characteristics
little or no you
has polarity
nucleus is offset towards animal pole and away from vegetal pole