Eukaryotic cell cycle -- Lecture 3 Flashcards
eukaryotic chromosomes:
chromosomes (definition)
condensed molecules of DNA associated w/ proteins
a chromosome contains a particular set of genes
eukaryotic chromosomes:
centromere
area of repetitive DNA sequence
eukaryotic chromosomes:
___ hold sister chromatids together at centromere
cohesion proteins
chromosome terminology:
during cell division, ___ attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid
2 types of proteins
chromosome terminology:
during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to the ___ of each sister chromatid
centromere
chromosome terminology:
during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to the centromere of each ___
sister chromatid
chromosome terminology:
during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to centromere of each sister chromatid:
cohesion proteins
kinetochore proteins
chromosome terminology:
cohesion proteins (what do they do)
hold the sister chromatids together after DNA replication (inner part of the centromeres)
chromosome terminology:
kinetochore proteins (what are they)
site of microtubule attachment during cell division (outer part of centromeres)
chromosome terminology:
telomeres (definition)
repetitive sequences of DNA that protect and stabilize the ENDS of chromosomes
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
each time a cell divides, the telomeres become ___
shorter
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
each time a ___ divides, the telomeres become shorter
cell
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
each time a cell divides, the ___ become shorter
telomeres
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
each time a cell ___, the telomeres become shorter
divides
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
once the telomeres become too short, the cell can no longer ___
divide
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
once the ___ become too short, the cell can no longer divide
telomeres
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
once the telomeres become too ___, the cell can no longer divide
short
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
once the telomeres become too short, the ___ can no longer divide
cell
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
telomere length can be maintained by the enzyme ___
telomerase
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
___ length can be maintained by the enzyme telomerase
telomere
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
telomere ___ can be maintained by the enzyme telomerase
length
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
most cells in the body stop producing ___ after embryonic development
telomerase
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
most cells in the body stop producing telomerase after ___
embryonic development
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
in ~90% of human cancers, ___ has been reactivated
telomerase
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
in ~90% of ___, telomerase production has been reactivated
human cancers
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
in ___ of human cancers, telomerase production has been reactivated
~90%
chromosome terminology:
telomeres:
in ~90% of human cancers, telomerase production has been ___
reactivated
DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:
each human cell contains ~2 meters of ___
DNA
DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:
each ___ contains ~2 meters of DNA
human cell
DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:
each human cell contains ___ of DNA
~2 meters
DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:
the nucleus of a human cell, which contains the DNA, is only ___ in diameter
~6 micrometers
DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:
the nucleus of a ___, which contains the DNA, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter
human cell
DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:
the ___ of a human cell, which contains the DNA, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter
nucleus
DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:
the nucleus of a human cell, which contains the ___, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter
DNA
chromosomal DNA compaction:
DNA (charge)
- charge
chromosomal DNA compaction:
histone proteins (charge)
+ charge
chromosomal DNA compaction:
chromatin (definition)
chromosomal DNA associated w/ proteins
chromosomal DNA compaction:
nucleosome (definition)
basic unit of chromatin
chromosomal DNA compaction:
___ bp of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins
146
chromosomal DNA compaction:
the level of DNA compaction changes – it’s ___
dynamic
chromosomal DNA compaction:
how chromosome compacts
DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucelosomes
nucleosomes coil into solenoids
solenoids are compacted further into supercoils
this is chromatin
chromosomal DNA compaction:
DNA wraps around ___ to form ___
histone proteins to form nucleosomes
chromosomal DNA compaction:
nucleosomes coil into ___
solenoids
chromosomal DNA compaction:
___ coil into solenoids
nucleosomes
chromosomal DNA compaction:
solenoids are compacted further into ___
supercoils
chromosomal DNA compaction:
___ are compacted further into supercoils
solenoids
chromosomal DNA compaction:
solenoids are ___ further into supercoils
compacted
changing DNA compaction during cell division:
non-dividing cells
lower level of DNA compaction
individual chromosomes are not distinguishable
changing DNA compaction during cell division:
dividing cells
much higher level of DNA compaction
individual chromosomes are distinguishable
eukaryotic cell cycle:
cell division in eukaryotes is under ___
strict genetic control
eukaryotic cell cycle:
___ in eukaryotes is under strict genetic control
cell division
eukaryotic cell cycle:
cell division in ___ is under strict genetic control
eukaryotes
eukaryotic cell cycle:
5 main phases:
1) G1 – 1st gap phase (pre-DNA replication)
2) S – for DNA synthesis = DNA replication
3) G2 – 2nd gap phase (post-DNA replication); prepare for DNA segregation
4) M – for Mitosis (or Meiosis); DNA is segregated
5) Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm into 2 cells
phases of the cell cycle:
G1, S, and G2 = ___
interphase
phases of the cell cycle:
interphase (what are its stages and explain)
G1, S, and G2
period b/n nuclear divisions
phases of the cell cycle:
mitosis + cytokinesis (common misperception)
sometimes collectively called “mitosis” but they are separate events
phases of the cell cycle:
the cell cycle is an ___ b/n interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
oscillation
phases of the cell cycle:
the ___ is an oscillation b/n interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
cell cycle
phases of the cell cycle:
the cell cycle is an oscillation b/n ___, ___, and ___
interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
phases of the cell cycle:
G0
the cell is in a non-dividing state
