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a BIO 111 > Eukaryotic cell cycle -- Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cell cycle -- Lecture 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes:

chromosomes (definition)

A

condensed molecules of DNA associated w/ proteins

a chromosome contains a particular set of genes

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2
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes:

centromere

A

area of repetitive DNA sequence

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3
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes:

___ hold sister chromatids together at centromere

A

cohesion proteins

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4
Q

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, ___ attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid

A

2 types of proteins

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5
Q

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to the ___ of each sister chromatid

A

centromere

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6
Q

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to the centromere of each ___

A

sister chromatid

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7
Q

chromosome terminology:

during cell division, 2 types of proteins attach to centromere of each sister chromatid:

A

cohesion proteins

kinetochore proteins

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8
Q

chromosome terminology:

cohesion proteins (what do they do)

A

hold the sister chromatids together after DNA replication (inner part of the centromeres)

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9
Q

chromosome terminology:

kinetochore proteins (what are they)

A

site of microtubule attachment during cell division (outer part of centromeres)

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10
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres (definition)

A

repetitive sequences of DNA that protect and stabilize the ENDS of chromosomes

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11
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a cell divides, the telomeres become ___

A

shorter

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12
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a ___ divides, the telomeres become shorter

A

cell

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13
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a cell divides, the ___ become shorter

A

telomeres

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14
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

each time a cell ___, the telomeres become shorter

A

divides

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15
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the telomeres become too short, the cell can no longer ___

A

divide

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16
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the ___ become too short, the cell can no longer divide

A

telomeres

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17
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the telomeres become too ___, the cell can no longer divide

A

short

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18
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

once the telomeres become too short, the ___ can no longer divide

A

cell

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19
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

telomere length can be maintained by the enzyme ___

A

telomerase

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20
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

___ length can be maintained by the enzyme telomerase

A

telomere

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21
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

telomere ___ can be maintained by the enzyme telomerase

A

length

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22
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

most cells in the body stop producing ___ after embryonic development

A

telomerase

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23
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

most cells in the body stop producing telomerase after ___

A

embryonic development

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24
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

in ~90% of human cancers, ___ has been reactivated

A

telomerase

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25
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

in ~90% of ___, telomerase production has been reactivated

A

human cancers

26
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

in ___ of human cancers, telomerase production has been reactivated

A

~90%

27
Q

chromosome terminology:

telomeres:

in ~90% of human cancers, telomerase production has been ___

A

reactivated

28
Q

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:

each human cell contains ~2 meters of ___

A

DNA

29
Q

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:

each ___ contains ~2 meters of DNA

A

human cell

30
Q

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:

each human cell contains ___ of DNA

A

~2 meters

31
Q

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:

the nucleus of a human cell, which contains the DNA, is only ___ in diameter

A

~6 micrometers

32
Q

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:

the nucleus of a ___, which contains the DNA, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter

A

human cell

33
Q

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:

the ___ of a human cell, which contains the DNA, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter

A

nucleus

34
Q

DNA compaction in eukaryotic cells:

the nucleus of a human cell, which contains the ___, is only ~6 micrometers in diameter

A

DNA

35
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

DNA (charge)

A
  • charge
36
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

histone proteins (charge)

A

+ charge

37
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

chromatin (definition)

A

chromosomal DNA associated w/ proteins

38
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

nucleosome (definition)

A

basic unit of chromatin

39
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

___ bp of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

A

146

40
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

the level of DNA compaction changes – it’s ___

A

dynamic

41
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

how chromosome compacts

A

DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucelosomes

nucleosomes coil into solenoids

solenoids are compacted further into supercoils

this is chromatin

42
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

DNA wraps around ___ to form ___

A

histone proteins to form nucleosomes

43
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

nucleosomes coil into ___

A

solenoids

44
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

___ coil into solenoids

A

nucleosomes

45
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

solenoids are compacted further into ___

A

supercoils

46
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

___ are compacted further into supercoils

A

solenoids

47
Q

chromosomal DNA compaction:

solenoids are ___ further into supercoils

A

compacted

48
Q

changing DNA compaction during cell division:

non-dividing cells

A

lower level of DNA compaction

individual chromosomes are not distinguishable

49
Q

changing DNA compaction during cell division:

dividing cells

A

much higher level of DNA compaction

individual chromosomes are distinguishable

50
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle:

cell division in eukaryotes is under ___

A

strict genetic control

51
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle:

___ in eukaryotes is under strict genetic control

A

cell division

52
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle:

cell division in ___ is under strict genetic control

A

eukaryotes

53
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle:

5 main phases:

A

1) G1 – 1st gap phase (pre-DNA replication)
2) S – for DNA synthesis = DNA replication
3) G2 – 2nd gap phase (post-DNA replication); prepare for DNA segregation
4) M – for Mitosis (or Meiosis); DNA is segregated
5) Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm into 2 cells

54
Q

phases of the cell cycle:

G1, S, and G2 = ___

A

interphase

55
Q

phases of the cell cycle:

interphase (what are its stages and explain)

A

G1, S, and G2

period b/n nuclear divisions

56
Q

phases of the cell cycle:

mitosis + cytokinesis (common misperception)

A

sometimes collectively called “mitosis” but they are separate events

57
Q

phases of the cell cycle:

the cell cycle is an ___ b/n interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

A

oscillation

58
Q

phases of the cell cycle:

the ___ is an oscillation b/n interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

A

cell cycle

59
Q

phases of the cell cycle:

the cell cycle is an oscillation b/n ___, ___, and ___

A

interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

60
Q

phases of the cell cycle:

G0

A

the cell is in a non-dividing state

a BIO 111 (32 decks)

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