Epistasis, the central dogma, anatomy of a gene, complementary sequences -- Lecture 12

Question 1

gene interactions:

epistasis (what is it & example)

Answer 1

when genes affect the function of other genes

ex. inherited coat colors in mammals

Question 2

coat color in labradors:

labradors can be what 3 colors?

Answer 2

black, chocolate, or yellow

Question 3

coat color in labradors:

2 black labradors can produce pups of ___

Answer 3

all 3 colors

Question 4

coat color in labradors:

yellow coat color is due to the pigment ___

all labs have ___ in their coat

Answer 4

phaeomelanin

phaeomelanin

Question 5

coat color in labradors:

___ coat color is due to the pigment phaeomelanin

___ labs have phaeomelanin in their coat

Answer 5

yellow

all

Question 6

coat color in labradors:

some labs also have small amounts of a dark pigment ___ in their coat

___ the phaeomelanin

result = ___ lab

Answer 6

eumelanin

partially masks the phaeomelanin

result = chocolate lab

Question 7

coat color in labradors:

___ labs also have ___ amounts of a dark pigment eumelanin in their coat

partially masks the ___

result = ___ lab

Answer 7

some, small

partially masks the phaeomelanin

result = chocolate lab

Question 8

coat color in labradors:

some labs also have large amounts of a dark pigment ___ in their coat

completely masks the ___

result = ___ lab

Answer 8

eumelanin

completely masks the phaeomelanin

result = black lab

Question 9

coat color in labradors:

___ labs also have ___ amounts of a dark pigment eumelanin in their coat

___ masks the phaeomelanin

result = ___ lab

Answer 9

some, large

completely masks the phaeomelanin

result = black lab

Question 10

___ genes are involved in determining coat color

Answer 10

2

Question 11

2 genes are involved in determining coat color:

1) A color gene w/ 2 alleles affects coat color

Answer 11

‘B’ dominant allele enzyme deposits enough eumelanin (black fur) to completely mask the phaeomelanin

‘b’ recessive allele enzyme deposits less eumelanin (chocolate fur) to only partly mask the phaeomelanin

Question 12

2 genes are involved in determining coat color:

2) the E gene affects expression of the B/b alleles

Answer 12

‘E’ dominant allele allows expression of B/b alleles

‘e’ recessive allele blocks expression of the B/b alleles

Question 13

___ and dominance are not the same

Answer 13

epistasis

Question 14

epistasis and ___ are not the same

Answer 14

dominance

Question 15

epistasis & dominance not the same:

dominance describes…

Answer 15

dominance describes the relationship b/n the alleles of 1 gene

Question 16

epistasis & dominance not the same:

epistasis describes…

Answer 16

epistasis describes the relationship b/n 2 different genes

Question 17

central dogma:

central dogma describes ___ in biological systems

Answer 17

information flow

Question 18

central dogma:

___ describes information flow in biological systems

Answer 18

central dogma

Question 19

central dogma:

central dogma describes information flow in ___

Answer 19

biological systems

Question 20

central dogma:

DNA –> RNA thru ___ via ___

Answer 20

DNA –> RNA thru transcription via RNA polymerases

Question 21

central dogma:

RNA –> protein thru ___ via ___

Answer 21

RNA –> protein thru translation via ribosomes

Question 22

central dogma:

DNA stores ___

RNA carries that information into the ___

ribosomes translate the information into ___

Answer 22

information

cytoplasm

proteins

Question 23

central dogma:

___ stores information

___ carries that information into the cytoplasm

___ translate the information into proteins

Answer 23

DNA

RNA

ribosomes

Question 24

central dogma:

DNA ___ information

RNA ___ that information into the cytoplasm

ribosomes ___ the information into proteins

Answer 24

stores

carries

translate

Question 25

do all genes code for proteins?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

protein coding gene (PCG) is transcribed into a ___

Answer 26

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 27

protein coding gene (PCG) is ___ into a messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 27

transcribed

Question 28

___ is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 28

protein coding gene (PCG)

Question 29

mRNAs are translated into ___

Answer 29

proteins

Question 30

mRNAS are ___ into proteins

Answer 30

translated

Question 31

___ are translated into proteins

Answer 31

mRNAS

Question 32

nPCG is a...

Answer 32

non-protein coding gene

Question 33

PCG is a...

Answer 33

protein coding gene

Question 34

a nPCG is transcribed into a ___ which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)

Answer 34

non-coding RNA

Question 35

a ___ is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)

Answer 35

nPCG

Question 36

a nPCG is ___ into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)

Answer 36

transcribed

Question 37

a nPCG is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not ___ into a protein (but still has a function)

Answer 37

translated

Question 38

a nPCG is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a ___ (but still has a function)

Answer 38

protein

Question 39

examples of nPCGs --> non-coding RNAs

Answer 39

transferRNAs ribosomal RNAs microRNAs

Question 40

the anatomy of a gene: promoter region (definition)

Answer 40

site where RNA polymerase binds

Question 41

the anatomy of a gene: coding region (definition)

Answer 41

contains the DNA sequence that will be transcribed by RNA polymerase

Question 42

the anatomy of a gene: termination sequence (definition)

Answer 42

where transcription ends

Question 43

the anatomy of a gene: the ___ and ___ regions are not transcribed

Answer 43

promoter and termination

Question 44

the anatomy of a gene: the promoter and termination regions are ___

Answer 44

not transcribed

Question 45

differences b/n RNA and DNA | how many strands and what kinds of nucleotides

Answer 45

RNA is single stranded but DNA is double stranded the 4 RNA nucleotides: C, G, A, U the 4 DNA nucleotides: C, G, A, T

Question 46

base pairing rules: complementary base pairing:

Answer 46

complementary base pairing for nucleotides: G = C for RNA/DNA & RNA/DNA A = T for RNA/DNA & DNA A = U for RNA/DNA & RNA

Question 47

complementary sequences: in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a ___

Answer 47

DNA strand

Question 48

complementary sequences: in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is ___ to a DNA strand

Answer 48

complementary

Question 49

complementary sequences: in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (___) that is complementary to a DNA strand

Answer 49

transcript

Question 50

complementary sequences: in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an ___ (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

Answer 50

RNA strand

Question 51

complementary sequences: in transcription, RNA polymerases ___ an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

Answer 51

synthesize

Question 52

complementary sequences: in transcription, ___ synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

Answer 52

RNA polymerases

Question 53

complementary sequences: in ___, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

Answer 53

transcription

Question 54

updated central dogma: retroviruses use ___ as their genetic material

Answer 54

RNA

Question 55

updated central dogma: retroviruses use RNA as their ___

Answer 55

genetic material

Question 56

updated central dogma: retroviruses: RNA --> viral DNA genes thru ___ via the viral enzyme ___

Answer 56

viral infection of a cell / reverse transcription reverse transcriptase

Question 57

updated central dogma: retroviruses: viral DNA genes --> viral proteins thru ___ and ___ via cellular enyzmes

Answer 57

transcription and translation

Question 58

updated central dogma: retroviruses: transcription and translation of viral DNA genes into viral proteins allows for

Answer 58

new virus to be produced | ex. HIV

Question 59

updated central dogma: retroviruses: RNA ---> DNA thru

Answer 59

reverse transcription

Question 60

updated central dogma: retroviruses: DNA --> RNA thru

Answer 60

transcription

Question 61

updated central dogma: retroviruses: RNA --> protein thru

Answer 61

translation

Question 62

updated central dogma: reverse transcriptase is ___

Answer 62

very error prone

Question 63

updated central dogma: reverse transcriptase is very error prone: causes retroviruses to ___

Answer 63

mutate a lot

Question 64

updated central dogma: reverse transcriptase is very error prone: causes ___ to mutate a lot

Answer 64

retroviruses

Question 65

updated central dogma: reverse transcriptase is very error prone: causes retroviruses to quickly become ___

Answer 65

drug resistant (hard to treat)

Question 66

updated central dogma: reverse transcriptase is very error prone: causes ___ to quickly become drug resistant (hard to treat)

Answer 66

retroviruses