Epistasis, the central dogma, anatomy of a gene, complementary sequences -- Lecture 12 Flashcards
gene interactions:
epistasis (what is it & example)
when genes affect the function of other genes
ex. inherited coat colors in mammals
coat color in labradors:
labradors can be what 3 colors?
black, chocolate, or yellow
coat color in labradors:
2 black labradors can produce pups of ___
all 3 colors
coat color in labradors:
yellow coat color is due to the pigment ___
all labs have ___ in their coat
phaeomelanin
phaeomelanin
coat color in labradors:
___ coat color is due to the pigment phaeomelanin
___ labs have phaeomelanin in their coat
yellow
all
coat color in labradors:
some labs also have small amounts of a dark pigment ___ in their coat
___ the phaeomelanin
result = ___ lab
eumelanin
partially masks the phaeomelanin
result = chocolate lab
coat color in labradors:
___ labs also have ___ amounts of a dark pigment eumelanin in their coat
partially masks the ___
result = ___ lab
some, small
partially masks the phaeomelanin
result = chocolate lab
coat color in labradors:
some labs also have large amounts of a dark pigment ___ in their coat
completely masks the ___
result = ___ lab
eumelanin
completely masks the phaeomelanin
result = black lab
coat color in labradors:
___ labs also have ___ amounts of a dark pigment eumelanin in their coat
___ masks the phaeomelanin
result = ___ lab
some, large
completely masks the phaeomelanin
result = black lab
___ genes are involved in determining coat color
2
2 genes are involved in determining coat color:
1) A color gene w/ 2 alleles affects coat color
‘B’ dominant allele enzyme deposits enough eumelanin (black fur) to completely mask the phaeomelanin
‘b’ recessive allele enzyme deposits less eumelanin (chocolate fur) to only partly mask the phaeomelanin
2 genes are involved in determining coat color:
2) the E gene affects expression of the B/b alleles
‘E’ dominant allele allows expression of B/b alleles
‘e’ recessive allele blocks expression of the B/b alleles
___ and dominance are not the same
epistasis
epistasis and ___ are not the same
dominance
epistasis & dominance not the same:
dominance describes…
dominance describes the relationship b/n the alleles of 1 gene
epistasis & dominance not the same:
epistasis describes…
epistasis describes the relationship b/n 2 different genes
central dogma:
central dogma describes ___ in biological systems
information flow
central dogma:
___ describes information flow in biological systems
central dogma
central dogma:
central dogma describes information flow in ___
biological systems
central dogma:
DNA –> RNA thru ___ via ___
DNA –> RNA thru transcription via RNA polymerases
central dogma:
RNA –> protein thru ___ via ___
RNA –> protein thru translation via ribosomes
central dogma:
DNA stores ___
RNA carries that information into the ___
ribosomes translate the information into ___
information
cytoplasm
proteins
central dogma:
___ stores information
___ carries that information into the cytoplasm
___ translate the information into proteins
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
central dogma:
DNA ___ information
RNA ___ that information into the cytoplasm
ribosomes ___ the information into proteins
stores
carries
translate
do all genes code for proteins?
no
protein coding gene (PCG) is transcribed into a ___
messenger RNA (mRNA)
protein coding gene (PCG) is ___ into a messenger RNA (mRNA)
transcribed
___ is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA)
protein coding gene (PCG)
mRNAs are translated into ___
proteins
mRNAS are ___ into proteins
translated
___ are translated into proteins
mRNAS
nPCG is a…
non-protein coding gene
PCG is a…
protein coding gene
a nPCG is transcribed into a ___ which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)
non-coding RNA
a ___ is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)
nPCG
a nPCG is ___ into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)
transcribed
a nPCG is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not ___ into a protein (but still has a function)
translated
a nPCG is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a ___ (but still has a function)
protein
examples of nPCGs –> non-coding RNAs
transferRNAs
ribosomal RNAs
microRNAs
the anatomy of a gene:
promoter region (definition)
site where RNA polymerase binds
the anatomy of a gene:
coding region (definition)
contains the DNA sequence that will be transcribed by RNA polymerase
the anatomy of a gene:
termination sequence (definition)
where transcription ends
the anatomy of a gene:
the ___ and ___ regions are not transcribed
promoter and termination
the anatomy of a gene:
the promoter and termination regions are ___
not transcribed
differences b/n RNA and DNA
how many strands and what kinds of nucleotides
RNA is single stranded but DNA is double stranded
the 4 RNA nucleotides: C, G, A, U
the 4 DNA nucleotides: C, G, A, T
base pairing rules:
complementary base pairing:
complementary base pairing for nucleotides:
G = C for RNA/DNA & RNA/DNA
A = T for RNA/DNA & DNA
A = U for RNA/DNA & RNA
complementary sequences:
in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a ___
DNA strand
complementary sequences:
in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is ___ to a DNA strand
complementary
complementary sequences:
in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (___) that is complementary to a DNA strand
transcript
complementary sequences:
in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an ___ (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand
RNA strand
complementary sequences:
in transcription, RNA polymerases ___ an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand
synthesize
complementary sequences:
in transcription, ___ synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand
RNA polymerases
complementary sequences:
in ___, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand
transcription
updated central dogma:
retroviruses use ___ as their genetic material
RNA
updated central dogma:
retroviruses use RNA as their ___
genetic material
updated central dogma:
retroviruses:
RNA –> viral DNA genes thru ___ via the viral enzyme ___
viral infection of a cell / reverse transcription
reverse transcriptase
updated central dogma:
retroviruses:
viral DNA genes –> viral proteins thru ___ and ___ via cellular enyzmes
transcription and translation
updated central dogma:
retroviruses:
transcription and translation of viral DNA genes into viral proteins allows for
new virus to be produced
ex. HIV
updated central dogma:
retroviruses:
RNA —> DNA thru
reverse transcription
updated central dogma:
retroviruses:
DNA –> RNA thru
transcription
updated central dogma:
retroviruses:
RNA –> protein thru
translation
updated central dogma:
reverse transcriptase is ___
very error prone
updated central dogma:
reverse transcriptase is very error prone:
causes retroviruses to ___
mutate a lot
updated central dogma:
reverse transcriptase is very error prone:
causes ___ to mutate a lot
retroviruses
updated central dogma:
reverse transcriptase is very error prone:
causes retroviruses to quickly become ___
drug resistant (hard to treat)
updated central dogma:
reverse transcriptase is very error prone:
causes ___ to quickly become drug resistant (hard to treat)
retroviruses
