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a BIO 111 > Epistasis, the central dogma, anatomy of a gene, complementary sequences -- Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Epistasis, the central dogma, anatomy of a gene, complementary sequences -- Lecture 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene interactions:

epistasis (what is it & example)

A

when genes affect the function of other genes

ex. inherited coat colors in mammals

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2
Q

coat color in labradors:

labradors can be what 3 colors?

A

black, chocolate, or yellow

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3
Q

coat color in labradors:

2 black labradors can produce pups of ___

A

all 3 colors

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4
Q

coat color in labradors:

yellow coat color is due to the pigment ___

all labs have ___ in their coat

A

phaeomelanin

phaeomelanin

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5
Q

coat color in labradors:

___ coat color is due to the pigment phaeomelanin

___ labs have phaeomelanin in their coat

A

yellow

all

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6
Q

coat color in labradors:

some labs also have small amounts of a dark pigment ___ in their coat

___ the phaeomelanin

result = ___ lab

A

eumelanin

partially masks the phaeomelanin

result = chocolate lab

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7
Q

coat color in labradors:

___ labs also have ___ amounts of a dark pigment eumelanin in their coat

partially masks the ___

result = ___ lab

A

some, small

partially masks the phaeomelanin

result = chocolate lab

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8
Q

coat color in labradors:

some labs also have large amounts of a dark pigment ___ in their coat

completely masks the ___

result = ___ lab

A

eumelanin

completely masks the phaeomelanin

result = black lab

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9
Q

coat color in labradors:

___ labs also have ___ amounts of a dark pigment eumelanin in their coat

___ masks the phaeomelanin

result = ___ lab

A

some, large

completely masks the phaeomelanin

result = black lab

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10
Q

___ genes are involved in determining coat color

A

2

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11
Q

2 genes are involved in determining coat color:

1) A color gene w/ 2 alleles affects coat color

A

‘B’ dominant allele enzyme deposits enough eumelanin (black fur) to completely mask the phaeomelanin

‘b’ recessive allele enzyme deposits less eumelanin (chocolate fur) to only partly mask the phaeomelanin

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12
Q

2 genes are involved in determining coat color:

2) the E gene affects expression of the B/b alleles

A

‘E’ dominant allele allows expression of B/b alleles

‘e’ recessive allele blocks expression of the B/b alleles

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13
Q

___ and dominance are not the same

A

epistasis

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14
Q

epistasis and ___ are not the same

A

dominance

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15
Q

epistasis & dominance not the same:

dominance describes…

A

dominance describes the relationship b/n the alleles of 1 gene

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16
Q

epistasis & dominance not the same:

epistasis describes…

A

epistasis describes the relationship b/n 2 different genes

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17
Q

central dogma:

central dogma describes ___ in biological systems

A

information flow

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18
Q

central dogma:

___ describes information flow in biological systems

A

central dogma

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19
Q

central dogma:

central dogma describes information flow in ___

A

biological systems

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20
Q

central dogma:

DNA –> RNA thru ___ via ___

A

DNA –> RNA thru transcription via RNA polymerases

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21
Q

central dogma:

RNA –> protein thru ___ via ___

A

RNA –> protein thru translation via ribosomes

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22
Q

central dogma:

DNA stores ___

RNA carries that information into the ___

ribosomes translate the information into ___

A

information

cytoplasm

proteins

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23
Q

central dogma:

___ stores information

___ carries that information into the cytoplasm

___ translate the information into proteins

A

DNA

RNA

ribosomes

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24
Q

central dogma:

DNA ___ information

RNA ___ that information into the cytoplasm

ribosomes ___ the information into proteins

A

stores

carries

translate

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25
Q

do all genes code for proteins?

A

no

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26
Q

protein coding gene (PCG) is transcribed into a ___

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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27
Q

protein coding gene (PCG) is ___ into a messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

transcribed

28
Q

___ is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

protein coding gene (PCG)

29
Q

mRNAs are translated into ___

A

proteins

30
Q

mRNAS are ___ into proteins

A

translated

31
Q

___ are translated into proteins

A

mRNAS

32
Q

nPCG is a…

A

non-protein coding gene

33
Q

PCG is a…

A

protein coding gene

34
Q

a nPCG is transcribed into a ___ which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)

A

non-coding RNA

35
Q

a ___ is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)

A

nPCG

36
Q

a nPCG is ___ into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a protein (but still has a function)

A

transcribed

37
Q

a nPCG is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not ___ into a protein (but still has a function)

A

translated

38
Q

a nPCG is transcribed into a non-coding RNA which is not translated into a ___ (but still has a function)

A

protein

39
Q

examples of nPCGs –> non-coding RNAs

A

transferRNAs

ribosomal RNAs

microRNAs

40
Q

the anatomy of a gene:

promoter region (definition)

A

site where RNA polymerase binds

41
Q

the anatomy of a gene:

coding region (definition)

A

contains the DNA sequence that will be transcribed by RNA polymerase

42
Q

the anatomy of a gene:

termination sequence (definition)

A

where transcription ends

43
Q

the anatomy of a gene:

the ___ and ___ regions are not transcribed

A

promoter and termination

44
Q

the anatomy of a gene:

the promoter and termination regions are ___

A

not transcribed

45
Q

differences b/n RNA and DNA

how many strands and what kinds of nucleotides

A

RNA is single stranded but DNA is double stranded

the 4 RNA nucleotides: C, G, A, U

the 4 DNA nucleotides: C, G, A, T

46
Q

base pairing rules:

complementary base pairing:

A

complementary base pairing for nucleotides:

G = C for RNA/DNA & RNA/DNA

A = T for RNA/DNA & DNA

A = U for RNA/DNA & RNA

47
Q

complementary sequences:

in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a ___

A

DNA strand

48
Q

complementary sequences:

in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is ___ to a DNA strand

A

complementary

49
Q

complementary sequences:

in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (___) that is complementary to a DNA strand

A

transcript

50
Q

complementary sequences:

in transcription, RNA polymerases synthesize an ___ (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

A

RNA strand

51
Q

complementary sequences:

in transcription, RNA polymerases ___ an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

A

synthesize

52
Q

complementary sequences:

in transcription, ___ synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

A

RNA polymerases

53
Q

complementary sequences:

in ___, RNA polymerases synthesize an RNA strand (transcript) that is complementary to a DNA strand

A

transcription

54
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses use ___ as their genetic material

A

RNA

55
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses use RNA as their ___

A

genetic material

56
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses:

RNA –> viral DNA genes thru ___ via the viral enzyme ___

A

viral infection of a cell / reverse transcription

reverse transcriptase

57
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses:

viral DNA genes –> viral proteins thru ___ and ___ via cellular enyzmes

A

transcription and translation

58
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses:

transcription and translation of viral DNA genes into viral proteins allows for

A

new virus to be produced

ex. HIV

59
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses:

RNA —> DNA thru

A

reverse transcription

60
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses:

DNA –> RNA thru

A

transcription

61
Q

updated central dogma:

retroviruses:

RNA –> protein thru

A

translation

62
Q

updated central dogma:

reverse transcriptase is ___

A

very error prone

63
Q

updated central dogma:

reverse transcriptase is very error prone:

causes retroviruses to ___

A

mutate a lot

64
Q

updated central dogma:

reverse transcriptase is very error prone:

causes ___ to mutate a lot

A

retroviruses

65
Q

updated central dogma:

reverse transcriptase is very error prone:

causes retroviruses to quickly become ___

A

drug resistant (hard to treat)

66
Q

updated central dogma:

reverse transcriptase is very error prone:

causes ___ to quickly become drug resistant (hard to treat)

A

retroviruses

a BIO 111 (32 decks)

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