Treatment & Intervention Flashcards
1
Q
Two techniques in classical conditioning
A
Counterconditioning & classical extinction
2
Q
What do behaviourists believe psychopathology comes from?
A
problematic learned patterns
3
Q
What approach is the term reciprocal inhibition from?
A
Counterconditioning in classical conditioning
4
Q
What is covert sensitization
A
it’s aversive counterconditioning in imagination
5
Q
Aversive counterconditioning is used for what?
A
eliminating “bad behaviours” like drinking, smoking & fetishes
6
Q
What happens to the conditioned stimulus in aversive counterconditioning?
A
The conditioned stimulus is paired with a new & stronger stimulus (like antabuse with alcohol)
7
Q
What’s the downfall of aversive conditioning?
A
it is not effective in the long-run/high rates of relapse/recidivism
8
Q
What was systematic desensitization designed for and who designed it?
A
specific phobias & it was designed by Wolpe
9
Q
What does systematic desensitization involve?
A
Training clients to relax deeply & using anxiety hierarchies to expose them gradually using either in-vivo or imagination
10
Q
What recent research has found that’s more effective than systematic desensitization?
A
Prolonged & flooding is most efficacious, while systematic desensitization is second most effective
11
Q
What category of interventions does sensate focus come from & who was it developed by?
A
Counterconditioning & Masters and Johnson
12
Q
What are the 4 stages of Master & Johnson’s sexual response cycle?
A
- Excitement
- Plateau
- Orgasm
- Resolution
13
Q
What category of interventions does Assertiveness Training come from, and what is it used for?
A
Counterconditioning & social anxiety
14
Q
What’s the treatment involved with Assertiveness Training?
A
practicing assertive responses antagonist to social anxiety
15
Q
What is classical conditioning in relation to the conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus, and how does it affect the UR (e.g., spider phobia)
A
Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus with the goal of exposure making conditioned stimulus not elicit the conditioned response
E.g., spider (CS) elicits screaming from someone (US), so person is exposed to the spider while preventing them from running away until they no longer are screaming (US) or running away (UR)
16
Q
What is implosive therapy by Stampl
A
Imaginal exposure while the therapist interprets possible psychosexual themes (did not add to treatment effectiveness)
17
Q
What type of treatment approach involves a functional assessment & what is a functional assessment?
A
- Operant conditioning
- Defining target behaviour, determining antecedents & consequences & contingencies (reinforcers & punishments)
18
Q
3 types of reinforcers & what do they mean?
A
- Primary: reinforcers that reinforce everyone (food)
- Secondary: training or experience help acquire their reinforcing value (praise)
- Generalized Conditioned: they give access to other reinforcers (money or tokens)
19
Q
Shaping (reinforcement intervention strategy)
A
reinforced every step taken toward the target behaviour
20
Q
Token Economies (reinforcement intervention strategy)
A
When tokens (a generalized conditioned reinforcer) are used in a system like jail, they are given for appropriate behaviours and can be exchanged for reinforcers like goods or privileges; on the other hand, tokens can be taken away for undesirable behaviours.
21
Q
Contingency Contracting (reinforcement intervention strategy)
A
Negotiating a contract when there’s problematic interactions between people to identify the behaviours they want from one another
22
Q
Premack Principle with example (reinforcement intervention strategy)
A
using a high-frequency behaviour to reinforce a low-frequency behaviour (e.g., eat peas before playing)
23
Q
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviours or DRO or DRA or DRI (reinforcement intervention strategy)
A
combining operant extinction (stop reinforcement) with positive reinforcement (e.g., ignored if speaking without raising hand (extinction) & reinforced for desirable behaviours like raising hanf or waiting turn (positive reinforcement)
24
Q
Self-reinforcement (reinforcement intervention strategy)
A
administering reinforcement to oneself - eating a candy after reading a textbook chapter or page
25
Positive punishment (Aversive control of behaviour - operant conditioning) & example of it's use with an elastic band
applying aversive stimulus after an undesirable behaviour
e.g., thought stopping - hitting arm with an elastic band with undesirable thought
26
Difference between escape learning & avoidance learning (Aversive control of behaviour - operant conditioning)
Escape learning: stopping the aversive stimulus while it's happening through a desirable behaviour (lady giving wallet when at gunpoint)
Avoidance learning: engaging in a desirable behaviour to fully avoid an aversive stimulus before it happens (paying credit card on time before late penalty)
27
Overcorrection (Aversive control of behaviour - operant conditioning)
involves reparation from what they've done with the addition of repairs beyond the initial thing they've needed to repair & may include with physical guidance (e.g., kid cleaning up the living room they messed up plus also cleaning a bathroom)
28
Three approaches based on Social Learning Theory
1. Symbolic modelling: watching a film of a model engaging/enjoying interactions with a feared object or anxiety-producing setting
2. Live or in-vivo modelling: showing it live through a model
3. Participant modelling: live modelling plus contact with/guidance from the model (best for kids with phobias)
29
Kohler's studies contributed to what aspect of cognitive-behaviourism?
found that chimps have insight/"aha" moments where their cognitive processes influence their behaviours to solve problems
30
Ellis' ABC-DEF model
A- activating event
B - belief
C - consequence
D - disputing intervention
E - effective philosophy/belief
F - new feelings
31
Two terms for Ellis' therapy
REBT (rational emotive behaviour therapy) or RET (rational-emotive therapy)
32
What did Ellis' therapy involve, and how was it approached?
Convincing clients they are being irrational & using argumentative/confrontational approaches
33
Who/what therapy uses empirical hypothesis testing
Beck's cognitive therapy
34
Beck's cognitive therapy approach involves what two key elements?
1. Testing the validity of beliefs
2. Socratic questioning
35
Beck's maladaptive cognitive triad of depression
1. Negative view of self
2. Negative view of world
3. Negative view of future
36
What's Meichenbaum's approach called?
Cognitive behavioural modification (CBM)
37
Meichenbaum's two treatment approaches are as follows: What are they for & what are they effective for?
1. Self-instruction therapy - helping clients master problem-solving independently (effective for kids with ADHD)
2. Stress-inoculation training - mastering stress gradually by helping coping with milder stressors to decrease susceptibility to more severe stress (effective for PTSD)
38
Relapse prevention is associated with what treatment approach from Meichenbaum's cognitive behavioural modification?
Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training
39
How Rehm's Self-Control Model of Depression understands what 3 things contribute to depression
He understands depression as a combination of negative self-evaluations, lack of self-reinforcement & high rates of self-punishment
40
Marlatt's relapse prevention - how it understands addiction & relapse
understands addiction as an overlearned habit and that relapse is unavoidable
41
Marlatt's relapse prevention - what does it understand as the most common relapse trigger?
A client's internal state/negative emotional state
42
Freud's 3 parts of personality (no definitions)
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
43
The ID (Freud):
- what it's ruled by
- principle
- perception of gratification/long-term consequences
- two instincts within it
Ruled by instincts & biological drives
Pleasure principle
Doesn't think of the long-term consequences
1. Libido is the life instinct/Eros
2. Aggression is the death instinct/Thanatos
44
The Ego (Freud):
- principle
- perception of gratification/long-term gratification
- it's main task
- Reality principle
- Defers immediate gratification to obtain greater long-term gratification
- It's main task is to suspend/control Id impulses
45
Superego (Freud):
- what it involves
- what is its weapon?
- evolves as the child passes through which stage?
- moral codes/internalized parental & societal standards
- guilt
- Oedipal stage
46
Alloplastic defence & connected to what disorders?
reacts to stress by trying to change or blame the environment (borderline or narcissistic)
47
Autoplastic defence & connected to what disorders
reacts to stress by trying to change oneself or blaming oneself (depression or anxiety)
48
3 Ego Psychologists
1. Hartmann: ego & id co-develop in parallel
2. Anna Freud: ego is a medium for id & superego - interpretation of kids' words instead of play & strong positive bond development
3. Erikson: epigenetic sequences where development happens in stages
49
What's Hartmann's term that's opposite of defensive ego functions?
"ego autonomous functions," which is a conflict-free sphere for functions developing outside of conflict like perception, learning, memory & locomotion
50
What is object constancy of Object Relations Theory/Therapy?
The experience of the other in an integrated way, the good & the bad together - the opposite of this is splitting (borderline's do this in how they see therapists - good one week & bad the other week)
51
Major object relations theorists
Klein, Winnicott & Mahler
52
What did Klein see as a major defense mechanism?
Splitting - seeing something as only good or only bad (which prevents object constancy: seeing the breast as an object with both good & bad capacities)
53
How did Klein understand children's play?
She saw it as the child's free association
54
Winnicott's understanding of what results in pathology?
Abandoning one's true self & adopting a false sense
55
Mahler's theory describes what two processes?
The processes of separation (physically separating themselves from their mom) & individuation (psychologically independent people, which involves maturation)
56
Kohut's primary narcissism
It's a healthy kind of narcissism that happens when a baby naturally focuses on getting its own needs met
57
Kohut's term of "selfobject" needs include
Mirroring (approval/admiration of the baby), idealizing (presence of adults worth idealization) and twinship (ability to imitate adults)
58
The key difference between neo-Freudians and Freudians/classical psychoanalysts
Neo-Freudians focus on social & cultural factors in determining personality instead of internally driven impulses
59
Major neo-Freudians include:
Sullivan, Horney & Fromm
60
Sullivan's 3 modes of existence
1. Prototaxic - when things are in a series of sensory experiences & nothing seems related
2. Parataxic-temporal sequence serves as the only conception of causality (saw transference in therapy as parataxic distortion)
3. Syntaxic - logical & analytical thinking/ability to predict causes from knowledge of their effects
61
Sullivan's developed therapy
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
62
Therapy that focuses on the here-and-now, on current interpersonal relationships & targets problem areas of grief, role dispute, role transition & interpersonal deficits
Interpersonal Therapy
63
Alfred Adler's 3 key ideas
1. strive for superiority or competence
2. people are motivated by social urges & needs instead of sexual needs
3. happiness is our capacity to connect socially
64
Adler's belief about experiences with family & birth order
Experiences with family & birth order have a significant impact on our lifestyles
65
Adler's work has significant applications in what settings?
1. Education
2. Parenting
66
Yung's collective unconscious - what's within the collective unconscious?
Archetypes
67
Types of archetypes in Yung's idea of the collective unconscious
1. the persona (social mask)
2. the shadow (one's hidden aspects)
3. the anima (female aspect)
4. the animus (male aspect)
68
The goal of Jungian therapist is:
Help client's gain awareness of the unconscious, focusing on dreams, myths and folklore, to liberate growth-promoting forces within the personality
69
How Jungians see transference
as a projection of the personal and/or collective unconscious
70
Humanist vs existentialist psychologists
Humananist: people move in self-actualization if nurtured
Existentialist: we have no internal nature, the world lacks intrinsic meaning & people are faced with what to make of this meaninglessness
71
Roger's 3 key characteristics of treatment
Empathy, warmth & genuineness
72
Introjection (boundary disturbance)
People taking information as whole, without critically examining it which results in over-compliance or being gullible (car salesman's dream)
73
Projection (boundary disturbance)
When people project their feelings onto others which can result in paranoia
74
Retroflection (boundary disturbance)
Process in which people turn back onto the self, what they would like to do to others (can result in self-destructive behaviour)
75
Deflection (boundary disturbance)
Process in which people distance themselves from their feelings through distraction, humour, generalization and asking questions rather than statements
76
Confluence (boundary disturbance)
involves a lack of self-awareness of differentiation between the self and others in an attempt to avoid conflicts
77
Glasser's therapy
Reality therapy
78
Key concept of reality therapy
Responsibility
79
The aim of Berne's Transactional Analysis
to understand the intent behind communication
80
Big 5 or five factor model of personality by Costa & McCrae
1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neurotocism
81
What two theoretical models have influenced family therapy?
General systems theory and Cybernetics (negative & positive feedback loops)
82
Negative feedback loop
decreases deviation/change - keeps it the same/homeostatic
83
Positive feedback loop
increases deviation/change within a system
84
Psychodynamic family therapy: Marital Schism vs Marital Skew
Schism: chronic/severe discord with threats of separation are common
Skew: The relationship is skewed to meeting the needs of one member at the expense of the needs of other members
85
The 2 main concepts in object relations family therapy
transferences & projections
86
Minunchin's family therapy
Structural Family Therapy
minUnchin & strUctural
87
Structural family therapy's beliefs on what results in relationships from too rigid boundaries vs diffuse/loose boundaries
rigid boundaries = disengaged or emotionally distant relationships
diffuse boundaries = enmeshed relationships
88
Minunchin's 3 chronic boundary problems & what are they?
1. Triangulation: child is caught in the middle of the parents' conflict
2. Detouring: the child becomes the source of the family's problem & parents express their distress through one child
3. Stable Coalition: one parent uniting with the child against the other parent
89
What's a paradoxical intervention in communications family therapy?
It's when a therapist, for example, tells a couple who fights at least one hour a day to now try and fight for 3+ hours a day
90
What's Haley's family therapy called & what's it a combination of?
hAley = strAtegic family therapy
combination of Minunchin's structural approach & family communication/interactions
91
Milan group is what type of family therapy?
Systemic Family Therapy
92
What's Milan's circular questioning?
a technique to gather information & to give the family information about themselves
93
What's the purpose of Milan's prescription of rituals?
The purpose is to alter the family's direction from its current course
94
What's the essential goal of Bowen's family systems therapy
personal differentiation from the family of origin
95
What's pathology look like in a family according to Bowen's family systems therapy? & what's multi-generational transmission process
- when the family is one single undifferentiated unit
- when the pathology gets transmitted across generations
96
What's Bowen's term "emotional triangle" mean?
It means two members' closeness ends up excluding a third member
97
What family therapy does the genogram?
Bowen's family system therapy
98
What therapy includes the exception/scaling questions & the miracle question?
Solution-focused therapy
99
Which family therapy are the names Liberman, Patterson and Alexander, associated with?
Behavioural family therapy model
100
What's the most important component of successful group therapy?
Cohesiveness
101
Yalom's three stages of process groups (group therapy) & what happens in each stage
initial stage: everyone is friendly to each other
2nd stage: conflict among group members
3rd stage: where there's closeness, intimacy & cohesion with group members
102
People who do poorly in group therapy
psychotic, anti-social, significant brain damage or anyone actively using drugs or alcohol
103
People who drop out more of group therapy
lower SES, lower IQ, lower likability, significant denial, lower motivation & severe pathology
104
What's the honour system in group therapy?
How confidentiality is enforced
105
The difference between crisis intervention vs short term therapy?
crisis intervention: get them back to their pre-crisis functioning
short-term: helping people attain a higher level of functioning
106
What is the difference between case consultation & administrative consultation?
Case = clinically oriented
Administrative = administrative issues or programmatic changes
107
What's the difference between client-centered vs consultee-centered consultation
client-centered: one case or one client
consultee-centrered: group of clients
108
Primary vs secondary vs tertiary prevention
primary: preventing the onset from occurring (vaccinations)
secondary: catch the problem (that's already happened) early so you can get rid of it (HIV testing)
tertiary: reducing the residual effects of a chronic, well-established disorder (day treatment program for schizophrenics)
109
What's the most common precursor to violence in a relationship
emotional/verbal abuse & controlling behaviours
110
What two elements create change in the perpetrator of abuse?
- when the victim refuses to tolerate the situation further
- following the arrest of the perpetrator
111
Instrumental vs expressive abuse?
Instrumental: using violence as a means of control
Expressive: less deliberate & comes from difficulty managing emotions
112
Children's responses to divorce at
- 3-6 y.o
- 7-12 y.o
- adolescents
- 3-6 y.o: feel responsible
- 7-12 y.o: decreases in school performance
- adolescents: could have prevented the divorce but they also feel hurt and critical of their parents
113
What's the average effect size/number in comparing treated & untreated individuals?
average effect size of 0.85
114
Difference between efficacy research vs effectiveness research
Efficacy research: volunteers are easily diagnosed/uncomplicated & treatment is effective even if it fails to help 30% of the people
Effectiveness research: look at overall effectiveness of a variety of approaches like the consumer reports study
115
Total quality management (TQM)
improving the quality of the organization
116
Quality assurance
monitoring & evaluating the availability, adequacy and appropriateness of a health care services plan
117
Utilization review
conserving costs & resources
118
Risk management
reducing the risks for inappropriate practices & limiting the potential for liability or malpractice
119
Avoidance vs escape paradigm
avoidance: you can avoid punishment altogether
escape: punishment will happen, but you can get it to stop
120
The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis is...
free association
121
Formative evaluation
when you evaluate the program periodically during the program and make modifications
122
Summative evaluations
wait until after the program and then you evaluate it's effectiveness
123
Ipsative evaluation
A form of measurement that compares your scores in different categories relative to yourself
124
Behavioural criterion
specific measurable outcome criterion = set up a certain criterion - reducing head banging to 50%
125
What's introjection
taking things as whole without questions which causes naivité
126
One of the primary uses of treatment manuals is:
to compare outcomes of different types of therapies
127
Getting a client to accept responsibility is from what therapy?
reality therapy
128
The use of circular questioning is used in
Milan's group - systemic family therapy
129
Freud's defense mechanism of repression
forcing disturbing impulses out of consciousness
130
Freud's defense mechanism of regresssion
guarding against anxiety by retreating to younger age behaviours
131
Freud's defense mechanism of projection & what's the outcome of it?
Seeing one's unconscious urges in another person's behaviour. The outcome is suspicion & paranoia
132
Freud's defense mechanism of displacement
transference of emotions from original object to something else like afraid of sex (penis) turns into a snake phobia
133
Freud's defense mechanism of reaction formation
engaging in behaviours that are the exact opposite of the id's real urges like a mother who has aggressive feelings becomes an overprotective & adoring mother
134
Freud's defense mechanism of intellectualization
distancing oneself from their feelings
135
Freud's defense mechanism of rationalization
coming up with self-satisfying yet incorrect reasons for one's behaviour
136
Freud's defense mechanism of sublimation
finding acceptable ways of discharging energy from unconscious forbidden desires like someone with a desire to smear feces becoming a painter
137
Howard's meta study found that __% of patients improved after the 8th session and ___% of patients improved at the end of 6 months
50%
75%
138
Does psychological debriefing help the likelihood of PTSD?
It has NOT been shown to decrease the likelihood of PTSD
139
Emic vs Etic (Maslow)
Emic: culture-specific approach
Etic: non-culture specific that looks for universal principles (Maslow)
140
Which therapy is most likely to use guided imagery?
Cognitive behavioural therapy
141
What's most essential to Beck's cognitive behavioural therapy? Is it
a. Hypothesis testing
b. modifying behavioural contingencies
c. collaborative empiricism
d. the ABC model
Collaborative empiricism
142
Lewinsohn conceptualized depression as the result of
low rates of behaviour
