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EPPP > Treatment & Intervention > Flashcards

Treatment & Intervention Flashcards

1
Q

Two techniques in classical conditioning

A

Counterconditioning & classical extinction

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2
Q

What do behaviourists believe psychopathology comes from?

A

problematic learned patterns

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3
Q

What approach is the term reciprocal inhibition from?

A

Counterconditioning in classical conditioning

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4
Q

What is covert sensitization

A

it’s aversive counterconditioning in imagination

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5
Q

Aversive counterconditioning is used for what?

A

eliminating “bad behaviours” like drinking, smoking & fetishes

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6
Q

What happens to the conditioned stimulus in aversive counterconditioning?

A

The conditioned stimulus is paired with a new & stronger stimulus (like antabuse with alcohol)

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7
Q

What’s the downfall of aversive conditioning?

A

it is not effective in the long-run/high rates of relapse/recidivism

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8
Q

What was systematic desensitization designed for and who designed it?

A

specific phobias & it was designed by Wolpe

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9
Q

What does systematic desensitization involve?

A

Training clients to relax deeply & using anxiety hierarchies to expose them gradually using either in-vivo or imagination

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10
Q

What recent research has found that’s more effective than systematic desensitization?

A

Prolonged & flooding is most efficacious, while systematic desensitization is second most effective

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11
Q

What category of interventions does sensate focus come from & who was it developed by?

A

Counterconditioning & Masters and Johnson

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12
Q

What are the 4 stages of Master & Johnson’s sexual response cycle?

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
  4. Resolution
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13
Q

What category of interventions does Assertiveness Training come from, and what is it used for?

A

Counterconditioning & social anxiety

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14
Q

What’s the treatment involved with Assertiveness Training?

A

practicing assertive responses antagonist to social anxiety

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15
Q

What is classical conditioning in relation to the conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus, and how does it affect the UR (e.g., spider phobia)

A

Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus with the goal of exposure making conditioned stimulus not elicit the conditioned response
E.g., spider (CS) elicits screaming from someone (US), so person is exposed to the spider while preventing them from running away until they no longer are screaming (US) or running away (UR)

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16
Q

What is implosive therapy by Stampl

A

Imaginal exposure while the therapist interprets possible psychosexual themes (did not add to treatment effectiveness)

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17
Q

What type of treatment approach involves a functional assessment & what is a functional assessment?

A
  • Operant conditioning
  • Defining target behaviour, determining antecedents & consequences & contingencies (reinforcers & punishments)
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18
Q

3 types of reinforcers & what do they mean?

A
  1. Primary: reinforcers that reinforce everyone (food)
  2. Secondary: training or experience help acquire their reinforcing value (praise)
  3. Generalized Conditioned: they give access to other reinforcers (money or tokens)
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19
Q

Shaping (reinforcement intervention strategy)

A

reinforced every step taken toward the target behaviour

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20
Q

Token Economies (reinforcement intervention strategy)

A

When tokens (a generalized conditioned reinforcer) are used in a system like jail, they are given for appropriate behaviours and can be exchanged for reinforcers like goods or privileges; on the other hand, tokens can be taken away for undesirable behaviours.

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21
Q

Contingency Contracting (reinforcement intervention strategy)

A

Negotiating a contract when there’s problematic interactions between people to identify the behaviours they want from one another

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22
Q

Premack Principle with example (reinforcement intervention strategy)

A

using a high-frequency behaviour to reinforce a low-frequency behaviour (e.g., eat peas before playing)

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23
Q

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviours or DRO or DRA or DRI (reinforcement intervention strategy)

A

combining operant extinction (stop reinforcement) with positive reinforcement (e.g., ignored if speaking without raising hand (extinction) & reinforced for desirable behaviours like raising hanf or waiting turn (positive reinforcement)

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24
Q

Self-reinforcement (reinforcement intervention strategy)

A

administering reinforcement to oneself - eating a candy after reading a textbook chapter or page

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25
Q

Positive punishment (Aversive control of behaviour - operant conditioning) & example of it’s use with an elastic band

A

applying aversive stimulus after an undesirable behaviour
e.g., thought stopping - hitting arm with an elastic band with undesirable thought

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26
Q

Difference between escape learning & avoidance learning (Aversive control of behaviour - operant conditioning)

A

Escape learning: stopping the aversive stimulus while it’s happening through a desirable behaviour (lady giving wallet when at gunpoint)
Avoidance learning: engaging in a desirable behaviour to fully avoid an aversive stimulus before it happens (paying credit card on time before late penalty)

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27
Q

Overcorrection (Aversive control of behaviour - operant conditioning)

A

involves reparation from what they’ve done with the addition of repairs beyond the initial thing they’ve needed to repair & may include with physical guidance (e.g., kid cleaning up the living room they messed up plus also cleaning a bathroom)

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28
Q

Three approaches based on Social Learning Theory

A
  1. Symbolic modelling: watching a film of a model engaging/enjoying interactions with a feared object or anxiety-producing setting
  2. Live or in-vivo modelling: showing it live through a model
  3. Participant modelling: live modelling plus contact with/guidance from the model (best for kids with phobias)
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29
Q

Kohler’s studies contributed to what aspect of cognitive-behaviourism?

A

found that chimps have insight/”aha” moments where their cognitive processes influence their behaviours to solve problems

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30
Q

Ellis’ ABC-DEF model

A

A- activating event
B - belief
C - consequence
D - disputing intervention
E - effective philosophy/belief
F - new feelings

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31
Q

Two terms for Ellis’ therapy

A

REBT (rational emotive behaviour therapy) or RET (rational-emotive therapy)

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32
Q

What did Ellis’ therapy involve, and how was it approached?

A

Convincing clients they are being irrational & using argumentative/confrontational approaches

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33
Q

Who/what therapy uses empirical hypothesis testing

A

Beck’s cognitive therapy

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34
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy approach involves what two key elements?

A
  1. Testing the validity of beliefs
  2. Socratic questioning
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35
Q

Beck’s maladaptive cognitive triad of depression

A
  1. Negative view of self
  2. Negative view of world
  3. Negative view of future
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36
Q

What’s Meichenbaum’s approach called?

A

Cognitive behavioural modification (CBM)

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37
Q

Meichenbaum’s two treatment approaches are as follows: What are they for & what are they effective for?

A
  1. Self-instruction therapy - helping clients master problem-solving independently (effective for kids with ADHD)
  2. Stress-inoculation training - mastering stress gradually by helping coping with milder stressors to decrease susceptibility to more severe stress (effective for PTSD)
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38
Q

Relapse prevention is associated with what treatment approach from Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavioural modification?

A

Meichenbaum’s stress inoculation training

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39
Q

How Rehm’s Self-Control Model of Depression understands what 3 things contribute to depression

A

He understands depression as a combination of negative self-evaluations, lack of self-reinforcement & high rates of self-punishment

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40
Q

Marlatt’s relapse prevention - how it understands addiction & relapse

A

understands addiction as an overlearned habit and that relapse is unavoidable

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41
Q

Marlatt’s relapse prevention - what does it understand as the most common relapse trigger?

A

A client’s internal state/negative emotional state

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42
Q

Freud’s 3 parts of personality (no definitions)

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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43
Q

The ID (Freud):
- what it’s ruled by
- principle
- perception of gratification/long-term consequences
- two instincts within it

A

Ruled by instincts & biological drives
Pleasure principle
Doesn’t think of the long-term consequences
1. Libido is the life instinct/Eros
2. Aggression is the death instinct/Thanatos

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44
Q

The Ego (Freud):
- principle
- perception of gratification/long-term gratification
- it’s main task

A
  • Reality principle
  • Defers immediate gratification to obtain greater long-term gratification
  • It’s main task is to suspend/control Id impulses
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45
Q

Superego (Freud):
- what it involves
- what is its weapon?
- evolves as the child passes through which stage?

A
  • moral codes/internalized parental & societal standards
  • guilt
  • Oedipal stage
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46
Q

Alloplastic defence & connected to what disorders?

A

reacts to stress by trying to change or blame the environment (borderline or narcissistic)

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47
Q

Autoplastic defence & connected to what disorders

A

reacts to stress by trying to change oneself or blaming oneself (depression or anxiety)

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48
Q

3 Ego Psychologists

A
  1. Hartmann: ego & id co-develop in parallel
  2. Anna Freud: ego is a medium for id & superego - interpretation of kids’ words instead of play & strong positive bond development
  3. Erikson: epigenetic sequences where development happens in stages
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49
Q

What’s Hartmann’s term that’s opposite of defensive ego functions?

A

“ego autonomous functions,” which is a conflict-free sphere for functions developing outside of conflict like perception, learning, memory & locomotion

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50
Q

What is object constancy of Object Relations Theory/Therapy?

A

The experience of the other in an integrated way, the good & the bad together - the opposite of this is splitting (borderline’s do this in how they see therapists - good one week & bad the other week)

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51
Q

Major object relations theorists

A

Klein, Winnicott & Mahler

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52
Q

What did Klein see as a major defense mechanism?

A

Splitting - seeing something as only good or only bad (which prevents object constancy: seeing the breast as an object with both good & bad capacities)

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53
Q

How did Klein understand children’s play?

A

She saw it as the child’s free association

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54
Q

Winnicott’s understanding of what results in pathology?

A

Abandoning one’s true self & adopting a false sense

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55
Q

Mahler’s theory describes what two processes?

A

The processes of separation (physically separating themselves from their mom) & individuation (psychologically independent people, which involves maturation)

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56
Q

Kohut’s primary narcissism

A

It’s a healthy kind of narcissism that happens when a baby naturally focuses on getting its own needs met

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57
Q

Kohut’s term of “selfobject” needs include

A

Mirroring (approval/admiration of the baby), idealizing (presence of adults worth idealization) and twinship (ability to imitate adults)

58
Q

The key difference between neo-Freudians and Freudians/classical psychoanalysts

A

Neo-Freudians focus on social & cultural factors in determining personality instead of internally driven impulses

59
Q

Major neo-Freudians include:

A

Sullivan, Horney & Fromm

60
Q

Sullivan’s 3 modes of existence

A
  1. Prototaxic - when things are in a series of sensory experiences & nothing seems related
  2. Parataxic-temporal sequence serves as the only conception of causality (saw transference in therapy as parataxic distortion)
  3. Syntaxic - logical & analytical thinking/ability to predict causes from knowledge of their effects
61
Q

Sullivan’s developed therapy

A

Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

62
Q

Therapy that focuses on the here-and-now, on current interpersonal relationships & targets problem areas of grief, role dispute, role transition & interpersonal deficits

A

Interpersonal Therapy

63
Q

Alfred Adler’s 3 key ideas

A
  1. strive for superiority or competence
  2. people are motivated by social urges & needs instead of sexual needs
  3. happiness is our capacity to connect socially
64
Q

Adler’s belief about experiences with family & birth order

A

Experiences with family & birth order have a significant impact on our lifestyles

65
Q

Adler’s work has significant applications in what settings?

A
  1. Education
  2. Parenting
66
Q

Yung’s collective unconscious - what’s within the collective unconscious?

A

Archetypes

67
Q

Types of archetypes in Yung’s idea of the collective unconscious

A
  1. the persona (social mask)
  2. the shadow (one’s hidden aspects)
  3. the anima (female aspect)
  4. the animus (male aspect)
68
Q

The goal of Jungian therapist is:

A

Help client’s gain awareness of the unconscious, focusing on dreams, myths and folklore, to liberate growth-promoting forces within the personality

69
Q

How Jungians see transference

A

as a projection of the personal and/or collective unconscious

70
Q

Humanist vs existentialist psychologists

A

Humananist: people move in self-actualization if nurtured
Existentialist: we have no internal nature, the world lacks intrinsic meaning & people are faced with what to make of this meaninglessness

71
Q

Roger’s 3 key characteristics of treatment

A

Empathy, warmth & genuineness

72
Q

Introjection (boundary disturbance)

A

People taking information as whole, without critically examining it which results in over-compliance or being gullible (car salesman’s dream)

73
Q

Projection (boundary disturbance)

A

When people project their feelings onto others which can result in paranoia

74
Q

Retroflection (boundary disturbance)

A

Process in which people turn back onto the self, what they would like to do to others (can result in self-destructive behaviour)

75
Q

Deflection (boundary disturbance)

A

Process in which people distance themselves from their feelings through distraction, humour, generalization and asking questions rather than statements

76
Q

Confluence (boundary disturbance)

A

involves a lack of self-awareness of differentiation between the self and others in an attempt to avoid conflicts

77
Q

Glasser’s therapy

A

Reality therapy

78
Q

Key concept of reality therapy

A

Responsibility

79
Q

The aim of Berne’s Transactional Analysis

A

to understand the intent behind communication

80
Q

Big 5 or five factor model of personality by Costa & McCrae

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neurotocism
81
Q

What two theoretical models have influenced family therapy?

A

General systems theory and Cybernetics (negative & positive feedback loops)

82
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

decreases deviation/change - keeps it the same/homeostatic

83
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

increases deviation/change within a system

84
Q

Psychodynamic family therapy: Marital Schism vs Marital Skew

A

Schism: chronic/severe discord with threats of separation are common
Skew: The relationship is skewed to meeting the needs of one member at the expense of the needs of other members

85
Q

The 2 main concepts in object relations family therapy

A

transferences & projections

86
Q

Minunchin’s family therapy

A

Structural Family Therapy
minUnchin & strUctural

87
Q

Structural family therapy’s beliefs on what results in relationships from too rigid boundaries vs diffuse/loose boundaries

A

rigid boundaries = disengaged or emotionally distant relationships
diffuse boundaries = enmeshed relationships

88
Q

Minunchin’s 3 chronic boundary problems & what are they?

A
  1. Triangulation: child is caught in the middle of the parents’ conflict
  2. Detouring: the child becomes the source of the family’s problem & parents express their distress through one child
  3. Stable Coalition: one parent uniting with the child against the other parent
89
Q

What’s a paradoxical intervention in communications family therapy?

A

It’s when a therapist, for example, tells a couple who fights at least one hour a day to now try and fight for 3+ hours a day

90
Q

What’s Haley’s family therapy called & what’s it a combination of?

A

hAley = strAtegic family therapy
combination of Minunchin’s structural approach & family communication/interactions

91
Q

Milan group is what type of family therapy?

A

Systemic Family Therapy

92
Q

What’s Milan’s circular questioning?

A

a technique to gather information & to give the family information about themselves

93
Q

What’s the purpose of Milan’s prescription of rituals?

A

The purpose is to alter the family’s direction from its current course

94
Q

What’s the essential goal of Bowen’s family systems therapy

A

personal differentiation from the family of origin

95
Q

What’s pathology look like in a family according to Bowen’s family systems therapy? & what’s multi-generational transmission process

A
  • when the family is one single undifferentiated unit
  • when the pathology gets transmitted across generations
96
Q

What’s Bowen’s term “emotional triangle” mean?

A

It means two members’ closeness ends up excluding a third member

97
Q

What family therapy does the genogram?

A

Bowen’s family system therapy

98
Q

What therapy includes the exception/scaling questions & the miracle question?

A

Solution-focused therapy

99
Q

Which family therapy are the names Liberman, Patterson and Alexander, associated with?

A

Behavioural family therapy model

100
Q

What’s the most important component of successful group therapy?

A

Cohesiveness

101
Q

Yalom’s three stages of process groups (group therapy) & what happens in each stage

A

initial stage: everyone is friendly to each other
2nd stage: conflict among group members
3rd stage: where there’s closeness, intimacy & cohesion with group members

102
Q

People who do poorly in group therapy

A

psychotic, anti-social, significant brain damage or anyone actively using drugs or alcohol

103
Q

People who drop out more of group therapy

A

lower SES, lower IQ, lower likability, significant denial, lower motivation & severe pathology

104
Q

What’s the honour system in group therapy?

A

How confidentiality is enforced

105
Q

The difference between crisis intervention vs short term therapy?

A

crisis intervention: get them back to their pre-crisis functioning
short-term: helping people attain a higher level of functioning

106
Q

What is the difference between case consultation & administrative consultation?

A

Case = clinically oriented
Administrative = administrative issues or programmatic changes

107
Q

What’s the difference between client-centered vs consultee-centered consultation

A

client-centered: one case or one client
consultee-centrered: group of clients

108
Q

Primary vs secondary vs tertiary prevention

A

primary: preventing the onset from occurring (vaccinations)
secondary: catch the problem (that’s already happened) early so you can get rid of it (HIV testing)
tertiary: reducing the residual effects of a chronic, well-established disorder (day treatment program for schizophrenics)

109
Q

What’s the most common precursor to violence in a relationship

A

emotional/verbal abuse & controlling behaviours

110
Q

What two elements create change in the perpetrator of abuse?

A
  • when the victim refuses to tolerate the situation further
  • following the arrest of the perpetrator
111
Q

Instrumental vs expressive abuse?

A

Instrumental: using violence as a means of control
Expressive: less deliberate & comes from difficulty managing emotions

112
Q

Children’s responses to divorce at
- 3-6 y.o
- 7-12 y.o
- adolescents

A
  • 3-6 y.o: feel responsible
  • 7-12 y.o: decreases in school performance
  • adolescents: could have prevented the divorce but they also feel hurt and critical of their parents
113
Q

What’s the average effect size/number in comparing treated & untreated individuals?

A

average effect size of 0.85

114
Q

Difference between efficacy research vs effectiveness research

A

Efficacy research: volunteers are easily diagnosed/uncomplicated & treatment is effective even if it fails to help 30% of the people
Effectiveness research: look at overall effectiveness of a variety of approaches like the consumer reports study

115
Q

Total quality management (TQM)

A

improving the quality of the organization

116
Q

Quality assurance

A

monitoring & evaluating the availability, adequacy and appropriateness of a health care services plan

117
Q

Utilization review

A

conserving costs & resources

118
Q

Risk management

A

reducing the risks for inappropriate practices & limiting the potential for liability or malpractice

119
Q

Avoidance vs escape paradigm

A

avoidance: you can avoid punishment altogether
escape: punishment will happen, but you can get it to stop

120
Q

The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis is…

A

free association

121
Q

Formative evaluation

A

when you evaluate the program periodically during the program and make modifications

122
Q

Summative evaluations

A

wait until after the program and then you evaluate it’s effectiveness

123
Q

Ipsative evaluation

A

A form of measurement that compares your scores in different categories relative to yourself

124
Q

Behavioural criterion

A

specific measurable outcome criterion = set up a certain criterion - reducing head banging to 50%

125
Q

What’s introjection

A

taking things as whole without questions which causes naivité

126
Q

One of the primary uses of treatment manuals is:

A

to compare outcomes of different types of therapies

127
Q

Getting a client to accept responsibility is from what therapy?

A

reality therapy

128
Q

The use of circular questioning is used in

A

Milan’s group - systemic family therapy

129
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of repression

A

forcing disturbing impulses out of consciousness

130
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of regresssion

A

guarding against anxiety by retreating to younger age behaviours

131
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of projection & what’s the outcome of it?

A

Seeing one’s unconscious urges in another person’s behaviour. The outcome is suspicion & paranoia

132
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of displacement

A

transference of emotions from original object to something else like afraid of sex (penis) turns into a snake phobia

133
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of reaction formation

A

engaging in behaviours that are the exact opposite of the id’s real urges like a mother who has aggressive feelings becomes an overprotective & adoring mother

134
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of intellectualization

A

distancing oneself from their feelings

135
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of rationalization

A

coming up with self-satisfying yet incorrect reasons for one’s behaviour

136
Q

Freud’s defense mechanism of sublimation

A

finding acceptable ways of discharging energy from unconscious forbidden desires like someone with a desire to smear feces becoming a painter

137
Q

Howard’s meta study found that __% of patients improved after the 8th session and ___% of patients improved at the end of 6 months

A

50%
75%

138
Q

Does psychological debriefing help the likelihood of PTSD?

A

It has NOT been shown to decrease the likelihood of PTSD

139
Q

Emic vs Etic (Maslow)

A

Emic: culture-specific approach
Etic: non-culture specific that looks for universal principles (Maslow)

140
Q

Which therapy is most likely to use guided imagery?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

141
Q

What’s most essential to Beck’s cognitive behavioural therapy? Is it
a. Hypothesis testing
b. modifying behavioural contingencies
c. collaborative empiricism
d. the ABC model

A

Collaborative empiricism

142
Q

Lewinsohn conceptualized depression as the result of

A

low rates of behaviour

EPPP (12 decks)

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