Psychosocial Development Flashcards
Freud vs Erikson Stage in 1st year of life
- Erikson’s strength
Freud: Oral
Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust
- strength: hope
Freud vs Erikson Stage from 1-3 years old - Erikson’s strength
Freud: Anal
Erikson: autonomy vs shame/doubt
- strength: Will
Freud vs Erikson Stage from 3-5/6 years old
- Erikson’s strength
Freud: Phallic
Erikson: Initiative vs Guilt
- strength: Purpose
Freud vs Erikson Stage from 5/6-12 years old
- Erikson’s strength
Freud: Latency
Erikson: industry vs inferiority
- strength: Competence
Freud vs Erikson Stage from 12-18 years old
- Erikson’s strength
Freud: Genital
Erikson: Identity vs role confusion
- strength: Fidelity
Erikson Stage from 18-35 years old
- strength
Intimacy vs Isolation
- Love
Erikson Stage from 35-60 years old
- strength
Generativity vs stagnation
- Care
Erikson Stage from 60 & older
- strength
Integrity vs despair
- Wisdom
Mahler’s six stages of development
1. Normal Infantile Autism (1st month)
Infant is unaware of the external world
Mahler’s six stages of development
2. Symbiosis
the baby feels one with their mother rather than two separate beings
Mahler’s six stages of development
3. Differentiation (5-10 months)
- what type of anxiety usually happens in this stage?
Distinguishes themselves from other objects
- stranger anxiety
Mahler’s six stages of development
4. Practicing (10-16 months)
- what anxiety usually happens in this stage?
Discovers the ability to separate themselves from their mother
- separation anxiety
Mahler’s six stages of development
5. Rapprochement (16-24 months)
increased need for the mother to share the child’s new skills/experiences and a great need for love
Mahler’s six stages of development
6. Object Constancy (2-3 years)
Ability to maintain the image of the mother when she’s not present
Levinson’s periods of transition & stability: What’s the “Mid-Life Transition” (40-45 y.o)?
The switch from the perspective of “time since birth” to “time left to live”, and it usually involves some sort of crisis leading to significant changes like divorce or career change
What’s Konrad Lorenz’s famous term related to his research on attachment
Imprinting - when a stimulus elicits innate behaviour patterns at a critical period of time in the animal’s development (e.g., ducklings imprinting on whoever is with them between 12-17 hours after birth)
What concept is related to Harlow’s findings with monkeys and attachment?
Contact Comfort - the importance of pleasurable tactile sensations as a contributor to attachment behaviour
- He found monkeys would turn to the terry cloth mother’s for security when scared even though the wire mother fed them
What’s Bowlby’s 3-step process that occurs in children when they are separated from their mothers?
- Protest - Crying & searching
- Despair - Feeling hopeless that mother will return
- Detachment - Emotionally separates the self from the mother & responds in an indifferent manner when the mother returns
Rene Spitz’s term “Anaclytic Depression”
described as weepiness, withdrawal, insomnia, decline of health and affect when babies are deprived of their mother’s attention between 6-8 months in age
What four levels of attachment by Ainsworth & how do they relate to types of caregiving?
- Secure attachment: sensitive & responsive caregiving
- Avoidant attachment: this results from a mother who’s distant or overly intrusive
- Ambivalent or resistant attachment: found with inconsistent/insensitive caregivers
- Disorganized disoriented attachment: has no clear strategy when their mother leaves, has least secure attachment commonly associated with a child who’s abused or unresolved abuse issues of the caregiver
Baumrind’s major patterns of parenting:
- authoritarian parents
- permissive parents
- permissive indifferent
- permissive indulgent - authoritative parents
What are authoritarian parents and how to children respond?
Parents are demanding, controlling, threatening & punishing
Children are moody, irritable, withdrawn, distrustful & aggressive (tend to have more behaviour disorders)
What are permissive-indifferent parents, and how do children respond?
Parents are either setting few limits & are generally uninvolved
Children have poor self-control, are demanding, minimally compliant & have poor interpersonal skills
What are permissive-indulgent parents, and how do children respond?
Parents are loving & emotionally involved but set few limits or controls
Children are impulsive, immature & out of control
What are authoritative parents and children’s response
Parents are caring yet firm and set appropriate limits & expectations
Children are competent, confident, independent & at ease in social situations
With cognitive development, what are the academic performances of:
- middle-class boys in daycare vs with mothers who don’t work
- lower-class boys in daycare vs with mothers who don’t work
Middle-class boys in daycare have slightly lower academic performance compared to ones with their mothers who don’t work
Lower-class boys in daycare do better academically than ones with their mothers who don’t work
What’s the adjustment & homosexuality rates of children with gay and lesbian parents
They are just as well adjusted and show equivalent rates of homosexuality compared to children with heterosexual parents
What happens with the levels of achievement of children from single-parent homes?
Lower levels of achievement but could be more attributed to low family income or poverty
Meaning of:
1. Gender Roles
2. Gender Identity
3. Gender Constancy
- Gender roles are societal expectations for appropriate male or female behaviour
- Gender identity is the individual’s perception of him or herself as male or female
- Gender constancy is the attainment of recognition that gender doesn’t change with dress or behaviour which is attained by age 5-6
Social learning theory of gender role development
Gender roles come through imitation and reinforcement
Cognitive-Developmental Theory of gender role development
A child’s thinking process is the key force
Gender Schema Theory of gender role development
We create schemas of gender based on both social learning and cognitive processes
Psychoanalytic Theories of gender role development
Oedipus complex of guilt and anxiety about sexual attraction of the other-sex parent
What age do children become aware of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
It begins around 4 years of age
The three steps that lead to delinquency in the Patterson’s Coercion Model of Aggression
- Observing coercive & anti-social behaviour in parents
- Their conduct problems result in academic failure and peer rejection
- They experience depressed mood & join a deviant peer group
Is bullying considered normative or non-normative by experts, and what happens to the bully & the victim in the long term?
- it’s non-normative
- bullying predicts future violent behaviour
- victims of bullying are at risk of engaging in violent behaviour and suffer from depression/low self-esteem
How does the Rosenthal effect connect to teacher’s expectations of students?
When teachers have high expectations, they tend to perform better than when teachers expect little of them
Are cooperative learning classes beneficial for low-ability students or high-ability students? What do they also reduce in terms of culture?
They are more beneficial for low-ability students
They may or may not improve the performance of high-ability students
They reduce cultural biases & stereotypes
What’s are key things in Montessori schools?
Maximum learning comes from manipulation of materials (sensory-motor stimuli) and they are grouped with peers of different ages & abilities
Marcia’s 4 identity states in adolescence:
1. Identity achievement
- does it connect to crisis or commitment?
Actively struggled and explored options and then developed goals and values
- resolved a crisis & a commitment is made
Marcia’s 4 identity states in adolescence:
2. Foreclosure
- does it connect to crisis or commitment?
committed to a goal without exploring other alternatives
- absence of crisis and commitment made
Marcia’s 4 identity states in adolescence:
3. Moratorium
- absence of crisis and commitment made
they have not made a commitment and are in the active process of struggling with decisions/exploring interests and needs
- typical results in a resolution of crisis & ability to commit
Marcia’s 4 identity states in adolescence:
4. Identity Diffusion
- absence of crisis and commitment made
Lacks direction, is not committed to goals and is not considering options or trying to develop goals
- both crisis and commitment are absent
What’s the ratio of adolescents that drop out of school,l and what’s the ratio of prison inmates that are high school drop outs?
1/8 drop out of school
4/5 prison inmates are high school dropouts
Two theories of successful aging are:
1. Disengagement Theory
2. Activity Theory
What do they mean?
- Disengagement theory: involves a natural & graceful withdrawal from life roles due to physical limitations of aging
- Activity theory: old age is fulfilling when the person remains active & involved as long as possible
Why is the pattern of marital satisfaction curvilinear?
Marital satisfaction is high at the start of marriage, dips during child-rearing age & then becomes higher once children are done being teenagers
What does DABDA stand for in Kubler-Ross’s stage theory of dying
D - denial
A - anger
B - bargaining
D - depression
A - acceptance
Temperament is rooted in what differences?
What age are there reliable differences in temperament?
Biological differences
After the first 6 months of life
Thomas & Chess’s 3 categories of temperament: What’s “Easy Temperament” & what percentage of babies have this?
- Regular adaptable, mildly intense style that’s positive & responsive
- 40% of babies
Thomas & Chess’s 3 categories of temperament: What’s “Difficult Temperament” & what percentage of babies have this?
- Moody, easily frustrated, tense & overreact to most situations
- 10% of babies
Thomas & Chess’s 3 categories of temperament: What’s “Slow to Warm Up Infants” & what percentage of babies have this?
Mild in responding, shy/withdrawn and needs time to adjust to new experiences or people
- 15% of babies
What’s one of the greatest influences on child’s development? The goodness of fit between…..
A child’s temperment & the environment
e.g., a “slow to warm up” child may have issues with a performance-oriented mother
What’s social referencing with emotional expression?
The child will use cues from another person, such as a mother, to deal with affective uncertainty (if something is dangerous or exciting)
Developmental psychopathology is broadly thought to be a function of ______ and _______ factors
Risk and protective factors
The difference between when boys and girls are more vulnerable to risk factors & who has more coping skills
- Boys: more vulnerable from prenatal to 10 y.o
- Girls: more vulnerable during their teens
– Girls have more coping skills than boys - especially in forming relationships
What has research highlighted as two important factors in accounting for resilience?
Good cognitive functioning & positive relationships
In research on blended families, which has the most problematic relationship?
Step mothers and step daughters
