Cognitive Developmental Flashcards
Holophrasic speech (what age) vs Telegraphic speech (what age)
Holophrasic: single words (12-18 months)
Telegraphic: putting two words together to express one idea (18-24 months)
Phoneme vs morpheme
Phoneme: smallest units of speech (Da)
Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit (Daddy)
With the Babbling stage of language, when do they transition from sounds of all languages to ones restricted to their language?
6 months of age is when they restrict the sounds to their language
Who exemplifies the “Nativist View” theory of language development & what is it?
Noam Chomsky
we are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD), which only needs minimal exposure to adult language
“Nurturist View” of language development
Language is acquired by interactions with the environment through imitation & reinforcement
“Interactionist View” of language development
most favoured view of the combination of nature vs nurture
Do children that are exposed to two languages show early deficiencies in both languages?
No, it actually may increase their cognitive flexibility
What’s the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis, and what does research say?
People think differently based on the structure of their particular language - language influences how we think
Support for this hypothesis is mixed
What’s Deep Dyslexia?
mistakenly reads a given word as one with similar meaning (e.g., saying “coat” when the written word is “jacket”
What’s Surface Dyslexia?
person can’t recognize words so they need to sound them out - can make them say the word come as “coHme”, like “dome” or “home”)
What’s Phonological Dyslexia?
person can’t read non-words out loud, reading can sound perfect but they can’t read out loud words like “Squifish”
What’s Neglect (dyslexia)?
misreading the first or last half of a word, like reading “slap” instead of “slit”
What does Piaget’s central idea from his “Piaget Stage Theory” “Epigenesis” mean?
growth & development occurs in series of stages, each build off of mastery of the previous stage
What’s Piaget’s “Organization” principle of development?
The development of increasingly complex systems of knowledge with organizing knowledge into mental representations
What’s “Schemata” and which principle is it in within Piaget’s principles of cognitive development?
Schemata are organized patterns of behaviour that guide how people think about or act in particular situations
What’s Piaget’s “Adaptation” principle of development?
How we deal with new information which then adapts our “schemata” to enhance our ability to survive
What’s Assimilation vs Accommodation within Piaget’s “Adaptation” principle?
Assimilation: taking in new experiences and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures (e.g., a kid thinking everything that flies, like an eagle or plane is a bird)
*trick: making an ASS out of yourself by calling a plane a bird
Accomodation: adjusting the reality demands by re-organizing or modifying the existing cognitive structure (when the child creates a new schema for eagles or planes, accomodation is occuring)
What’s Piaget’s “Equilibration” principle of development?
The need for and striving toward equilibrium between the person and the outside environment as well as a person’s schemata
What’s Piaget’s term of “Decalage”?
the unevenness within a child’s cognitive development
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage:
1. what age?
2. what is it?
- birth until significant language acquisition (2 y.o)
- learning through sensory observation & gaining control of motor functions through activities
What do the 2 key aspects of the sensorimotor stage mean, and when do they occur?
1. Object Permanence
2. Symbolic Representation
- Object permanence: 3-4 months old; ability to understand that something exists independent from the child’s engagement with it (i.e., separation/stranger anxiety - knows mom exists when she leaves
- Symbolic representation: around 2 yrs old, using symbols or words to represent things
What’s Piaget’s Preoperational Stage and when does it occur?
- increased use of symbols and language
- from ages 2-7
What’s “Intuitive Thinking” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Children are NOT able to think logically and deductively, they are only intuitive (winging it)
What’s “Egocentrism” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
children are unable to take the perspective of another person - they are egocentric
