Cognitive Developmental Flashcards
Holophrasic speech (what age) vs Telegraphic speech (what age)
Holophrasic: single words (12-18 months)
Telegraphic: putting two words together to express one idea (18-24 months)
Phoneme vs morpheme
Phoneme: smallest units of speech (Da)
Morpheme: smallest meaningful unit (Daddy)
With the Babbling stage of language, when do they transition from sounds of all languages to ones restricted to their language?
6 months of age is when they restrict the sounds to their language
Who exemplifies the “Nativist View” theory of language development & what is it?
Noam Chomsky
we are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD), which only needs minimal exposure to adult language
“Nurturist View” of language development
Language is acquired by interactions with the environment through imitation & reinforcement
“Interactionist View” of language development
most favoured view of the combination of nature vs nurture
Do children that are exposed to two languages show early deficiencies in both languages?
No, it actually may increase their cognitive flexibility
What’s the Sapir Whorf Hypothesis, and what does research say?
People think differently based on the structure of their particular language - language influences how we think
Support for this hypothesis is mixed
What’s Deep Dyslexia?
mistakenly reads a given word as one with similar meaning (e.g., saying “coat” when the written word is “jacket”
What’s Surface Dyslexia?
person can’t recognize words so they need to sound them out - can make them say the word come as “coHme”, like “dome” or “home”)
What’s Phonological Dyslexia?
person can’t read non-words out loud, reading can sound perfect but they can’t read out loud words like “Squifish”
What’s Neglect (dyslexia)?
misreading the first or last half of a word, like reading “slap” instead of “slit”
What does Piaget’s central idea from his “Piaget Stage Theory” “Epigenesis” mean?
growth & development occurs in series of stages, each build off of mastery of the previous stage
What’s Piaget’s “Organization” principle of development?
The development of increasingly complex systems of knowledge with organizing knowledge into mental representations
What’s “Schemata” and which principle is it in within Piaget’s principles of cognitive development?
Schemata are organized patterns of behaviour that guide how people think about or act in particular situations
What’s Piaget’s “Adaptation” principle of development?
How we deal with new information which then adapts our “schemata” to enhance our ability to survive
What’s Assimilation vs Accommodation within Piaget’s “Adaptation” principle?
Assimilation: taking in new experiences and incorporating it into existing cognitive structures (e.g., a kid thinking everything that flies, like an eagle or plane is a bird)
*trick: making an ASS out of yourself by calling a plane a bird
Accomodation: adjusting the reality demands by re-organizing or modifying the existing cognitive structure (when the child creates a new schema for eagles or planes, accomodation is occuring)
What’s Piaget’s “Equilibration” principle of development?
The need for and striving toward equilibrium between the person and the outside environment as well as a person’s schemata
What’s Piaget’s term of “Decalage”?
the unevenness within a child’s cognitive development
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage:
1. what age?
2. what is it?
- birth until significant language acquisition (2 y.o)
- learning through sensory observation & gaining control of motor functions through activities
What do the 2 key aspects of the sensorimotor stage mean, and when do they occur?
1. Object Permanence
2. Symbolic Representation
- Object permanence: 3-4 months old; ability to understand that something exists independent from the child’s engagement with it (i.e., separation/stranger anxiety - knows mom exists when she leaves
- Symbolic representation: around 2 yrs old, using symbols or words to represent things
What’s Piaget’s Preoperational Stage and when does it occur?
- increased use of symbols and language
- from ages 2-7
What’s “Intuitive Thinking” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Children are NOT able to think logically and deductively, they are only intuitive (winging it)
What’s “Egocentrism” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
children are unable to take the perspective of another person - they are egocentric
What’s “Phenomenalistic Causality” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Two things/events that occur together are thought to cause one another
What’s “Animism” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Giving inanimate objects psychological attributes like feelings
What’s “Irreversibility” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Inability to mentally undo something (e.g., a child cannot imagine returning clay to it’s original state)
What’s “Centration” within Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
tendency to focus on one aspect of a problem at a time, and you can’t look at two things at one time
e.g., a boy not understanding that a mom can be both a mom to him and then also is a sister to his aunt
Piaget’s “Concrete Operational Stage”
1. what ages
2. what is it?
3. what’s operational thought within this stage?
4. what’s conservation within this stage?
- ages 7-11
- a child can operate and act on real or imagined concrete objects
- Operational thought: they move away from egocentric thought, can use logical thought processes and can follow reason/rules
- Conservation: the ability to recognize that even though shape or form might change, the objects still conserve other characteristics
Piaget’s “Concrete Operational Stage”
1. what age?
2. what is it?
- age 11 through the end of adolescence
- ability to use abstract thinking, hypothetical thinking (“what if”) or deductive (based on facts)/inductive reasoning (generalizing)
What’s “metacognition” within Piaget’s “Concrete Operational Stage”
the ability of adolescents to think about their thinking
What does Piaget’s “constructivism” mean?
A person develops new knowledge based on the foundation of previous learning and by interacting with objects or events.
(e.g., the teacher assists students’ own conceptualizations and solutions to problems)
Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory of Cognition believes that cognitive development predominantly results from…
Social interactions
In terms of students vs teachers, which one does Piaget vs Vygotsky emphasize with learning
Piaget believed students/peers help facilitate learning as they have similar cognitive abilities
Vygotsky believed teachers/adults help facilitate learning more than students
Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development
The distance between what a kid can do independently vs what they can do with adult guidance or peer collaboration
Scaffolding vs reciprocal learning in Vygotsky’s instructional strategies?
Scaffolding: teachers adjust the level of help based on the child’s performance
Reciprocal learning: the dialogue between the teacher and students (e.g., discussing the various ways to solve a problem instead of the teacher presenting the correct way)
Between Piaget’s theory & Information Processing theory, which one viewed cognitive development as qualitative differences that occur at different stages and which one saw it as quantitative changes that occur more smoothly and gradually over the lifespan?
Piaget: quantitative differences that occur at different stages
Information Processing Theory: quantitative changes more smoothly and gradually over the lifespan, you can do more as you get older
Elkind’s term re: adolescents - “Personal Fable”
The belief that somehow they are “special” and that the rules of conduct don’t apply to them
Elkind’s term re: adolescents - “Imaginary Audience”
The assumption that everyone is thinking about the same thing that they are thinking - can look like extreme self-consciousness
Crystalized intelligence with aging
Overlearned type of skills that are predominantly verbal
- easiest for older adults
Fluid intelligence with aging & when does it peak and decline
Capacity to problem solve in novel situations
peaks: adolescents
declines: 30s & 40s
What’s the classic age pattern in terms of crystallized vs fluid intelligence?
That performance skills decline but verbal skills stay intact
With attention, what do older adults do well in regard to simple vs complex tasks?
they do well on simple tasks but struggle with complex tasks like paying attention to more than one source of information
What happens with older adults when tested in laboratory-like situations vs real-world situations, compared to younger adults?
They don’t do as well as younger adults in laboratory-like situations.
They do as well or outperform younger adults in real-world situations.
How do older adults do in terms of short-term memory with primary vs working memory (e.g., with digits)
Primary: remains intact (e.g., remembering 5 digits in a sequence)
Working: declines with age (e.g., repeating the 5 digits in reverse order)
What happens with long-term memory, like episodic and semantic/procedural memory, in older adults?
Episodic: declines (like what you had for breakfast or if you locked your car)
Semantic/procedural memory: stays intact with age (like knowledge/facts & motor skills)
Older adults have issues with encoding (new information) but even more trouble with retrieval memory (recall & recognition) memory. However, do they have more problems with recall or retrieval within retrieval memory?
They have more trouble with recall (reciting a poem) as compared to retrieval (multiple-choice questions)
Possible explanations for memory decline in memory include:
1. What, of the hippocampus?
2. What, of neurotransmitters?
3. What effects on endogenous amino acids?
- atrophy of the hippocampus
- decreased activity of certain neurotransmitters
- toxic effects of endogenous amino acids
What are Piaget’s two stages of moral development?
- the morality of constraint (heteronomous morality)
- the morality of cooperation (autonomous morality)
- What’s Heteronomous Morality
- What ages experience it?
- Is it a morality of constraint or cooperation?
- Children think rigidly about morality & only see moral issues in one way
- 5-10 years old
- Constraint
- What’s Autonomous Morality?
- What age experiences it?
- Is it a morality of constraint or cooperation?
- Children think flexibly; they realize there’s not one unchangeable standard of right or wrong & know rules can be changed if needed
- about 10 years old
- Cooperation
What is Kohlberg’s 1st broad stage of “Preconventional” morality?
- what ages
- what are the two substages of it:
Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism
Preconventional: compliance with rules to avoid punishment & to get rewards
- ages 4-10
Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience orientation: focus on avoiding punishment
Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism: obedience in hopes of good deeds being rewarded
What is Kohlberg’s 2nd broad stage of “Conventional” morality?
- after what age?
- what are the two substages of it:
Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl orientation
Stage 4: Law & Order orientation
Conventional: conforming to rules to get approval from others
- after age 10
Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl orientation: gaining approval through obedience
Stage 4: Law & Order orientation: focus on doing one’s duty & maintain social order
What is Kohlberg’s 3rd broad stage of “Postconventional” morality?
- begins at what age?
- what are the two substages of it:
Stage 5: Morality of Contract, Individual Rights and Democratically Accepted Laws
Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience
Postconventional: recognition that there are conflicts between moral and socially accepted standards - decisions based on what’s right, what’s fair and what’s just
- begins at age 13
Stage 5: Morality of Contract, Individual Rights and Democratically Accepted Laws: valuing the will of the majority and the welfare of society
Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience: what an individual believes is right, regardless of legal restrictions or opinions of others
What are Gilligan’s two basic approaches to moral reasoning “Justice Perspective” & “Caring Perspective”
Justice perspective: males generally prefer the justice perspective
Caring perspective: moral dilemma faced by women is the conflict between their own needs and those of others
What are the meanings of each stage of Gilligan’s three-level model of moral development in women?
1. Orientation of Individual Survival
2. Goodness as Self-Sacrifice
3. Morality of Non-Violence
- Orientation of Individual Survival: concentrating only on what’s best for her
- Goodness as Self-Sacrifice: sacrificing own wishes to meet others’ wants & needs
- Morality of Non-Violence: believing no one should be hurt, including herself
What 2 things are related to young children’s development of conscience?
- Early temperament
- Parenting style
