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EPPP > Stats - Statistics > Flashcards

Stats - Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of data?

A

Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio (NOIR)

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2
Q

What 2 types of data - when the person is given a score or numerical value?

A

Interval or ratio data

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3
Q

What 2 types of data - when the person is assigned to a category or tallied up as one point in a given category? (voting democrat or republican?)

A

Nominal or ordinal data

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4
Q

If there’s only two categories with nominal data what’s it called? (gender - female or male)

A

Dichotomous

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5
Q

What is interval or ratio data frequently called?

A

Continuous

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6
Q

What’s data involves tallying people and involves putting people into non-ordered categories(e.g., gender or ethnicity), which can then be converted into a percentage?

A

Nominal data

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7
Q

What data involves tallying people to see which ordered category each person falls into or we measure them on likert scales? (e.g., first born, second born, third born? or freshmen, sophomore, junior?)

A

Ordinal data

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8
Q

What data involves obtaining numerical scores where the score values have equal intervals? - there is no zero (IQ test) or there’s no absolute zero (temperature)

A

Interval data

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9
Q

What data involves taking numerical scores for each person where the score values have equal intervals and an absolute zero (income, number of children, score on an exam)

A

Ratio data

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10
Q

What type of statistics describe what data (DV) are being collected?

A

Descriptive statistics

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11
Q

What type of statistics has the goal of making inferences about the population from the sample?

A

Inferential

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12
Q

When we are interested in measures of central tendency, variability and graphs are we looking at group data or individual scores relative to the whole group?

A

Group data

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13
Q

What are the three measures of central tendency

A

Mean, median and mode

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14
Q

What is the mean and how is it calculated?

A
  • the arithmetic average of a group of data
  • it’s calculated by adding up all the scores in the group & dividing it by the total number of scores
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15
Q

What is the median?

A

the number that corresponds to the 50th percentile - where half the people are above the median and half the people are below it (MiDdle = MeDian)

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16
Q

What’s the mode?

A

the most frequently occurring score (MOde = MOst)

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17
Q

When data is skewed or there’s extreme scores do you use mode, median or mean?

A

Median is preferred

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18
Q

What are the 3 elements of measures of variability

A

standard deviation, variance & range

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19
Q

What is the measure of average deviation or spread from the mean in a given set of scores?

A

Standard deviation
E.g.,
- Set 1: 8, 10 & 12
- Set 2: 2, 10 & 18
- both have the same mean
- Set 2 has a larger standard deviation (spread)

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20
Q

What the name of when the standard deviation squared?

A

Variance

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21
Q

What’s the name of the difference between the highest score and the lowest score?

A

Range

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22
Q

What type of data are graphed using a bar graph?

A

Nominal or ordinal

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23
Q

The vertical line that goes up and down on a graph is called the

A

Y-axis

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24
Q

The horizontal line that goes from right to left on a graph is called

A

X-axis

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25
Q

Does the X or Y axis represent the categories (what two datas) or the scores (what two datas)

A

X-Axis
categories: nominal or ordinal data
scores: interval or ratio data

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26
Q

Does the X or Y axis represent the frequency

A

Y axis

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27
Q

How are percentile ranks depicted with the line on a graph?

A

flat or rectangular

28
Q

What two datas are represented on a graph with curves?

A

Interval or ratio data

29
Q

What type of skew has the mode as the lowest value and the mean has the highest value

A

Positive skew

30
Q

What type of skew has the mean as the lowest value and the mode as the highest value

A

Negative skew

31
Q

Which skew has the tail pointed to the left and which skew has tail pointed to the right

A

Positive = right tail end
Negative = left tail end

32
Q

On a positive skew, what has the highest value, median, mode or mean

A

mean

33
Q

What the most detailed and most specific value that tells us exactly how someone did relative to a group?

A

Percentile ranks

34
Q

Percentile ranks are considered ______ ________ scores

A

Norm reference scores (comparing you to the group)

35
Q

What’s the mean of z scores and what’s the standard deviation

A

mean = 0
standard deviation = 1

36
Q

What’s the mean of t-scores and the standard deviation?

A

mean = 50
standard deviation = 10

37
Q

What’s the mean of IQ scores and the standard deviation

A

mean = 100
standard deviation = 15

38
Q

What percentage of people will be in between +1 and -1

A

68%

39
Q

What’s the distribution of Ranks (Percentile Rank) within a bell curve in correlation to the z-scores

A

Z score = PR
-3 = 0.1
-2 = 2.5
-1 = 16
0 = 50
1 = 84
2 = 97.5
3 = 99.9

40
Q

What’s the percentage of people between +2 and -2?

A

95%

41
Q

What’s the percentage of people between +3 and -3

A

99%

42
Q

If equal amount of bonus points were given to someone in the 50th percentile rank as someone in the 97.5 percentile rank, which one will have a greater change in PR?

A

The person who was initially in the 50th percentile or mid range rank

43
Q

What formula can help you find the z-score?

A

(raw score - mean) divided by the standard deviation

44
Q

With population mean and the population standard deviation which one is sigma and which one is mu

A

Sigma = population standard deviation
Mu = population mean

45
Q

What are population values referred to as?

A

parameters

46
Q

What are sample values referred to as?

A

Statistics

47
Q

What does sampling error mean?

A

that our sample does not perfectly represent the population - it’s a little off

48
Q

How do we know there’s a sampling error?

A

when taking a random sample of people like 25 people, the mean won’t be exactly 100, while the population mean is 100

49
Q

Formula for the standard error of the mean:

A

Sx= SDpop/square root of the sample size (N)

50
Q

With the standard error of the mean formula, the standard error of the mean has what relation to the standard deviation of the population & what relation to the square root of the sample size

A

standard deviation of the population = direct relationship
sample size = inverse relationship

51
Q

To reduce the standard error of the mean, would you have to increase or decrease the standard deviation of the population and the sample size?

A

decrease the standard deviation
increase the sample size

52
Q

What’s the most critical aspect of inferential statistics?

A

hypothesis testing

53
Q

Are hypotheses expressed in terms of the sample or the population

A

Population, even though you test it using samples

54
Q

What does the null hypothesis state regarding group differences

A

That there is no difference between groups

55
Q

What is a researcher trying to do with the null hypothesis

A

Reject the null hypothesis meaning wanting to reject that there’s no differences by concluding there are differences between groups

56
Q

Where is the rejection region or the region of unlikely values on the bell curve?

A

within the tail-end of the curve

57
Q

The alpha region refers to what

A

the size of the rejection region or region of unlikely region

58
Q

Do you accept or reject the null hypothesis when it’s in the rejection region?

A

Reject - which is what a researcher is hoping for

59
Q

What kind of error is it called when we reject the null but later on, it turns out to be a mistake

A

Type 1 Error (reject = 1 C = type 1)

60
Q

If your alpha score is 0.05 or 0.01 how likely is it to have made a type 1 error?

A

0.05 = 5% chance
0.01 = 1% chance

61
Q

What kind of error happens when you accept the null when in fact there is significance

A

Type 2 error (accept = 2 C’s = type 2)

62
Q

If you correctly reject the null when significance is found

A

Power = we are all after power and power is what we want

63
Q

Does power and alpha have an indirect or a direct relationship?

A

Direct: as power increases so does alpha

64
Q

Does power and beta have an indirect or direct relationship?

A

indirect

65
Q

When the null is accepted and this decision is correct what’s it called?

A

It has no name

EPPP (13 decks)

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