Test Questions Flashcards
What’s potentiation?
when short term memories become long term memories
What’s:
1. Parallel process
2. Projective identification
3. Countertransference
4. Acting out
- A parallel process: is when a therapist’s relationship with a supervisor mirrors the relationship between the therapist and their client
- Projective identification: a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously projects unacceptable qualities onto another person. The other person then internalizes the projected qualities and believes they are their own
- Countertransference: a therapist’s emotional reactions to a patient
- is a defense mechanism that can be used when someone is unable to manage conflicting thoughts or feelings
What type of withdrawal is someone experiencing with symptoms of: dysphoria, fatigue, unpleasant dreams, increased appetite, psycho-motor agitation or retardation, insomnia or hypersomnia
Amphetamine withdrawal
What is someone experiencing medically when they have the following symptoms: sweating, trembling, restlessness & dizziness
Hyperthyroidism
What is someone experiencing medically when they have the following symptoms: weight gain, sluggishness, fatigue, impaired memory and intellectual functioning & sensitivity to cold
Hypothyroidism
What’s a key distinction between behavioural and traditional assessments?
- Behavioural assessments tend to be ongoing
- Traditional assessments tend to be completed at one time & typically do NOT include pre & post testing
James Papez proposed a neural circuit in the brain to explain:
a. emotional expression
b. fight flight response
c. movement
d. hemispheric communication
Emotional expression
- A test’s correlation with itself describes reliability or validity
- Does a test’s reliability with a different test describe reliability or validity?
- Reliability
- Validity (Criterion validity)
Definitions of:
1. Primary prevention
2. Secondary prevention
3. Tertiary prevention
- Prevention of a disease
- Early detection & intervention for a disease
- Managing a diagnosed disease to minimize its impact
What is criterion contamination?
When the validity coefficient is exceptionally high because the knowledge of ratings on the predictor contaminates the criterion ratings (e.g., a teacher’s knowledge of the students IQ scores impacts how they grade the student’s tests)
Difference between these two reactions to stress:
1. Alloplastic
2. Autoplastic
- Alloplastic: trying to change or blame the external environment
- Autoplastic: changing oneself or blaming oneself
Difference between:
1. eta
2. Trend analysis
- eta: analyzes the correlation between two variables when the relationship is curvilinear
- Trend Anaylsis: shows the ups and downs in data; is the relationship linear or non-linear (quadric or cubic)
When do you use:
1. ANCOVA
2. MANCOVA
3. Structural Equation Modeling
4. Simple Regression Analysis
- ANCOVA: when you’re adjusting for a covariate or potential confounding variables
A = adjusting - MANCOVA: when there are multiple dependent or outcome variables
M= multiple - Structural Equation Modeling: tests many different causal pathways, involving multiple predictor and criterion variables
- Simple Regression Analysis: used to test theories that only include one criterion variable and do not test multiple pathways
The difference between
1. Object permanance
2. Object constancy
- Object permanance: objects & people continue to exist, even if the child can’t see them
- Object constancy: maintaining an image of someone when they aren’t present & ability to unify the good and bad aspects of a person (i.e., mother)
What would waiving a client’s co-payment fee mean in terms of an ethical & legal standpoint?
Illegal and unethical
*unless the insurance company pre-approves that and the therapist does not increase the rates so the insurance pays more
Which career development concept goes with which theory (Super’s life/career rainbow theory vs Krumboltz)
1. Self-esteem theory
2. Self-concept theory
3. Social learning theory
4. Two factor theory
- Self-concept theory = Super’s life/career rainbow theory
- Social learning theory = Krumboltz
Chronic alcohol use causes a deficiency in what?
Thiamine
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
1. Dopamine
2. Norepineprine
3. Serotonin
4. Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
- decreased acetylcholine in the brains of alzheimer’s disease patients
“Reversibility in symptoms and clouding of consciousness” goes with delirium or pseudodementia?
Delirium
“Improvement in cognitive abilities and memory after treatment” goes with delirium or pseudodementia?
Pseudodementia
What’s a child-onset fluency disorder, and when can it be diagnosed?
It usually means stuttering
Won’t be diagnosed until after age 2
What’s an empirical criterion keying approach?
Choosing items that can discriminate between different criterion groups
What’s a well-known example of a projective test that can reveal unconscious motivation and personality characteristics?
Rorschach
What does decalage mean in terms of development?
Unevenness in development
What accounts for the most significant factor in violence and death among black adolescents, suicide or homicide?
Homicide
With job context and lower level needs, how does it impact satisfaction and dissatisfaction?
With job content and higher level needs, how does it impact satisfaction and dissatisfaction?
Job context/lower level needs: Result in dissatisfaction if not met but does not produce satisfaction if they are met
Job content/higher level needs: Results in satisfaction if met but does not produce dissatisfaction if they aren’t met
People with amnesia experience impairment in all except:
a. immediate memory
b. anterograde memory
c. long-term memory
d. source memory
Immediate memory, which is also called sensory memory
When do you use:
1. Structural Equation Modeling
2. Hierarchal multiple regression
- Structural Equation Modeling: tests many different causal pathways, involving multiple predictor and criterion variables
- used to test theories that only include one criterion variable and do not test multiple pathways
Withdrawal from a benzodiazepine (e.g., Valium) can be:
Fatal
Raven & French’s 5 types of power (definitions of each)
1. Legitimate power
2. Reward power
3. Expert power
4. Referent power
5. Coercive power
- Legitimate: based on a position or role
- Reward: ability to give positive outcomes
- Expert: based on knowledge, skill or experience
- Referent: based on being liked & respected (role model)
- based on the threat of force like punishment
What disease is associated to an APP gene?
Alzheimer’s disease
Neurologically, where do problems with OCD, and tourette’s syndrome come from in the brain?
Basal Ganglia
The formula for measuring:
1. Sensitivity
2. Specificity
- Sensitivity: TP / (TP/FN)
- Specificity: TN / (TN/FP)
Lazaurus’s theory of cognitive appraisal:
1. Primary appraisal
2. Secondary appraisal
3. Re-appraisal
- Primary: Initial judgement of something as positive, stressful or irrelevant
- Secondary: Evaluation of resources
- Re-appraisal: Reflection and alterations of the coping strategies
What’s ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and it does all the following except:
1. increases ecological validity
2. minimize concerns about data protection
3. decreases retrospective reporting biases
4. helps identify factors that influence behaviours
It assesses participants’ behaviour repeatedly in their natural environments.
It does all but 2. minimize the concerns about data protection as it relies on technology so it’s a concern of that type of assessment
What’s phenomenalistic causality vs animism with children?
Phenomenalistic causality: magical thinking in which events that occur together are thought to cause one another
Animism: giving inanimate objects human attributes
What test theory relates to the true score vs a person’s observed score + measurement error
Classical test theory
What test theory relates to the relationship between an individual’s responses to test items and their underlying trait or ability and using uniform scales of measurement to persons of different ability levels?
Item response theory
Which one is item response theory vs classical test theory:
- This method focuses on individual test items and models the probability of a correct response based on a person’s ability and item characteristics (difficulty, discrimination, guessing).
- This method focuses on overall test scores, assuming errors are random and reliability is assessed through measures like Cronbach’s alpha.
- Item response theory
- Classical test theory
Which one categorizes behavioural decision theory vs classical decision theory (rational-economic model)?
- implementing the first proposal that is adequate or adopts a “satisficing” style
- examines all possible solutions before choosing one
- behavoiural decision theory
- classical decision theory (rational economic model)
What’s confabulation? What type of syndrome can lead to it?
When a person attempts to fill in memory gaps
Korsokoff’s syndrome
What’s the ratio of major depressive disorder in men vs women?
1:2
- higher in women from adolescence to adulthood
- equal in prepubertal girls and boys
Which of these terms relate to multiple cut-off vs multiple regression vs multiple hurdle
1. compensatory
2. noncompensatory
3. additive
4. conjunctive
Multiple cut-off: noncompensatory & conjunctive
multiple regression: additive & compensatory
multiple hurdle: noncompensatory
Polster & Polster (Gestalt therapists) - what are the results from these terms:
1. Introjection
2. Confluence
3. Retroflection
- Introjection results in naivete/unexamined values & beliefs
- Confluence results in a lack of awareness of conflicts
- Retroflection results in turning on oneself the behaviours they want to inflict on others, like self-harm
Frame of reference training is used to improve the accuracy of…
Frame of reference training is used to improve the accuracy of performance ratings as it helps raters have a standard on what categorizes a “good” or “bad” performance
Which one is a medication induced acute dystonia vs medication induced acute akathasia
- Inner restlessness and an urge to move & inability to sit still, pacing, shifting weight, rocking, or tapping feet. Usually looks like shifting weight or rocking or fidgeting.
- Sudden, involuntary, and sustained muscle contractions
Abnormal postures and repetitive movements. Usually of eyes, neck, tongue etc.
- Akathasia: (Agitated)
Inner restlessness and an urge to move & inability to sit still, pacing, shifting weight, rocking, or tapping feet. Usually looks like shifting weight or rocking or fidgeting. - Dystonia: (Distorted movements)
Sudden, involuntary, and sustained muscle contractions
Abnormal postures and repetitive movements. Usually of eyes, neck, tongue etc.
What symptoms relate to medication-induced parkinsonism? What word helps you remember the symptoms?
TRAP
T → Tremor (Resting tremor, “pill-rolling” in hands)
R → Rigidity (Stiffness, cogwheel rigidity)
A → Akinesia/Bradykinesia (Slowed movements, reduced facial expressions, shuffling gait)
P → Postural Instability (Unsteady gait, difficulty balancing)
Which of 2 of these theories relate to Maslow’s work? Which one is an expansion, and which one is a modification?
What are the 2 remaining theories related to?
- ERG theory
- Two-factor theory
- Acquired needs theory
- VIE theory
- Two-factor theory is an expansion of Maslow’s work; it divides Maslow’s hierarchy of needs into lower and upper level needs
- ERG theory is a modification of Maslow’s theory, which includes 3 needs that are not hierarchical (existence, relatedness & growth)
- Acquired needs theory is work related needs of NAch NAff & NPow (McClelland’s)
- VIE theory is that people behave in ways that are based on their expectancy of success & rewards (Vroom’s)
With Schein vs Super’s theories about career, which one goes with career anchors and which one goes with career rainbow
- What’s the main difference in their theories?
Schein = career anchor
Super = career rainbow
Main difference:
- Schein believes their core motivations and values are stable over time
- Super believes career development changes over time
What is the difference between bipolar 1 disorder with psychotic features vs schizoaffective disorder?
Bipolar 1 disorder with psychotic features: psychotic symptoms are superimposed with either a manic or depressive episode
Schizoaffective disorder: mood and psychotic symptoms are concurrent EXCEPT for 2 weeks when the psychotic symptoms are present without mood symptoms
a. Implicit vs explicit memory
b. Is semantic/episodic memory implicit or explicit?
c. Is procedural memory implicit or explicit?
a. Implicit: unintentional or nonconscious retrieval of information (e.g., skills and habits, like riding a bike)
a. Explicit: Concious retrieval like remembering facts, events, and general knowledge
b. Semantic or episodic is explicit memory
c. Procedural is implicit memory
- What is criterion contamination
- how does it affect the validity coefficient? - What does revalidation of a new sample do to the validity coefficient?
- Criterion coefficient = when the criterion is subjectively rated & raters know subjects’ scores on the predictors before criterion ratings
- This makes for a high/inflated criterion coefficient - Revalidation of a new sample typically results in shrinkage or reduction of validity coefficient
What would you use when there’s an unanticipated extraneous variable or unexpected differences among treatment groups?
1. ANOVA
2. MANOVA
3. ANCOVA
4. Randomized Block ANOVA
- ANCOVA
- A Bipolar 1 disorder diagnosis requires, at minimum
- A Bipolar 2 disorder diagnosis requires, at minimum:
- bipolar 1 = manic episode
- bipolar 2 = one hypomanic episode & one major depressice episode
What is the difference between positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
Positive: Excesses/distortions
of normal functioning & include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized behavior.
Negative: Deficits/reduction in functioning & include flat affect, lack of motivation, and social withdrawal. (frontal lobe)
What’s the biggest key principle of a Montessori school?
a. development is enhanced by social learning
b. development is enhanced by sensory-motor stimuli
c. children perform best without pressure
d. learning is optimized in groups with varying levels of ages/ability levels
THE KEY PRINCIPLE IS b. Development is enhanced by SENSORY-MOTOR STIMULI
*All the answers are principles of a Montessori school
- Indifference, euphoria, hysteria, manic excitement & impulsivity relates to damage in what hemisphere?
- Depression, and speech difficulties relate to damage in what hemisphere?
- the RIGHT hemisphere
- the LEFT hemisphere
What’s the primary symptom of Pick’s disease vs Alzheimer’s disease, and what symptom do they share in the later stage?
Pick’s: Personality and behavioural changes
Alzheimer’s: Memory loss
Later stages: Both have changes in physical ability
From Thorndike, Skinner, Tolman and Watson, which one believed:
- Behaviour is reinforced when rewarded and behaviour weakens if there’s negative consequences
- Behaviour stems from classical conditioning
- Behaviour is shaped by consequences
- behaviour is purposive and occurs without reinforcement
- Thorndike (law of effect) - rewards increase behaviour, behaviour weakens with negative consequences
- Watson - classical conditioning (little Albert)
- Skinner - behaviour is shaped by consequences
- Tolman - reinforcement not needed
- What’s the correct order of the prenatal development periods (fetal, germinal & embryonic)
- Which period most relates to birth defects or intellectual development disorders?
- Germinal, then embryonic (2-8/12 weeks) & then fetal (8/12 weeks until birth)
- The embryonic period is related to birth defects or intellectual disorders
From percentage, percentile, standard score and IQ, which is a criterion-based/reference score vs a norm-referenced score?
Percentage = criterion-based score or criterion-referenced score
Percentile, standard score or IQ = Norm-referenced score
What’s significant about the Embedded Figures Test?
It’s been shown that children with autism perform better in relation to their general mental age on the Embedded Figures Test
What’s their theory on intelligence?
a. Spearman
b. Thurnstone
c. Cattell
d. Cattell-Horn-Carroll
e. Garner’s multiple intelligences
f. Sternberg’s triarchic theory
a. Spearman: intelligence is a single “g” factor
b. Thurnstone: 7 primary mental abilities
c. Cattell: “g” factor with fluid & crystallized intelligence
d. Cattell-Horn-Carroll: believes intelligence is a 3-level “strata” system from general intelligence, reading/writing and cognitive abilities
e. Garner’s multiple intelligences: 8 distinct intelligences & people differ in their strengths & weaknesses within the 8 areas
f. Sternberg’s: focuses on the process of intelligence rather than the product with internal components, capacity to adapt to enviro changes & apply past experiences to new experiences
What area of the brain & what type of aphasia?
1. Language fluency
2. Language comprehension
- Language fluency:
- Area of the brain: left frontal lobe
- Aphasia: Broca’s aphasia - Language comprehension:
- Area of the brain: temporal lobes
- Aphasia: Wernicke’s aphasia
A jacksonian seizure is a simple or complex partial seizure?
Simple partial seizure
What mental health issue is most likely the result of cerebrovascular damage?
Depression
Do stressors in bipolar disorder have more of an impact the first/second episodes or the subsequent episodes
Stressors have more of an impact on the first/second episode
What area of the brain is most responsible for impulse control?
Frontal lobe
Should a client ride an elevator for long periods of time each day or as often as possible each day to get rid of his fear?
The client should ride the elevator for EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME
Peripheral factors according to James Lange theory of emotions is:
the bodily sensations & reactions which then lead to the experience of emotion
Are you more likely to change the predictor cut-off or the criterion cutoff?
Predictor cut-off
- criterion cut-off is usually impossible to change
What’s prospective memory?
Remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time
Kochanska and associates found that the development of conscience is related to:
a. cognitive development
b. intelligence
c. parenting style & child’s temperament
d. gender
PARENTING STYLE & CHILD’S TEMPERAMENT
Difference between primary vs working memory
Primary: holding small amounts of information with no manipulation (like 5 number sequence)
Working: holding and manipulating information (like saying the 5 number sequence backwards
*they are both within short term memory
Primacy effect is what?
Is that initial information carries more weight than information received later - found as accurate in research re: impression formation
Symptoms of valium/benzos BZs include:
agitation, sweating, hallucinations, panic and seizures
- Door in the face
- Foot in the door
- Reactance
- Sleeper effect
door in face = starting with a large unreasonable request
foot in door = starting with a small request
Reactance = doing the opposite of one is told
Sleeper effect: forgetting the messenger but remembering the message
Is extinction an operant conditioning technique or a classical conditioning technique? What does it mean?
it’s BOTH
classical: Presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus
operant: Withholding reinforcement
What’s graves disease and cushing’s disease connected to in terms of your thyroid or cortisol? What are some of the main symptoms of each?
Grave’s: hyperthyroidism
- weight loss
- rapid heartbeat
- tremors
- fatigue/muscle weakness
- agitated depression
Cushing’s: high cortisol
- weight gain
- round face
- fatigue/muscle weakness
What’s the key thing to remember about opioid withdrawal?
Syptoms are FLU-LIKE including muscle aches, fever, vomiting, insomnia, dysphoric mood
Nightmare disorder vs Sleep terror (parasomnia)
- which stage do they occur?
- what’s the difference?
Nightmare disorder:
- stage: REM sleep
- detailed recall of the dream
Sleep terror
- Stage: 4 (deep sleep)
- disorientation & confusion upon awakening/doesn’t remember the episode
Which medication cause
