Assessment Flashcards
Norm reference scores show what?
shows how well a person did relative/compared to others (standard/z/T/percentile scores)
Criterion reference scores show what?
shows how much of the content the person has mastered (number of items correct or percentage correct)
Objective & subjective tests are based on what?
how the test is scored/scoring procedures
Differences between an objective vs subjective test
Objective: no reliance on a rater’s judgement with just a scoring key (EPPP test)
Subjective: involves some element of the rater’s judgement (Rorschach)
Normative vs ipsative score
Normative: how someone scored compared to others
Ipsative: what are the stronger or weaker areas for one person
What is “Empirical Criterion Keying”
A process in selecting items used in a test, which is intended to differentiate between groups of people who have a particular trait & those who do not (e.g., to see which people have schizophrenia)
What’s the “g factor” and who termed it that?
That intelligence is a single factor.
It was termed by Spearman, who believed intelligence was one general ability and it’s not several distinct kinds of intelligence
What did Thurnstone believe about intelligence?
There are 7 distinct primary mental abilities
According to Spearman, the most widely used tests for intelligence, the Wechsler test and the Stanford-Binet, measure what?
the “g factor” which means intelligence is a single factor
Cattell believed in the “g factor” of intelligence but added which subtypes?
- Fluid intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
What’s the difference between fluid vs crystallized intelligence?
Fluid: acquiring new knowledge and solving new problems
Crystallized: knowledge gained over one’s lifetime through interaction between fluid and environment
What are the 3 stratums of human intelligence according to Cattell-Horn-Carroll
Stratum III - general intelligence or “g”
Stratum II - 10 broad cognitive abilities
Stratum I - 70 narrow cognitive abilities
What’s the most empirically validated theory of human intelligence?
Cattell-Horn-Carroll
Who thought people differ in their profile of intelligence and identified 8 distinct intelligences including musical, logical-mathematical, interpersonal & bodily-kinethetic?
Gardner or “Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences”
Who focused on the process rather than the product of intelligence and focused on three aspects of intelligence which are the internal components (e.g., how we perceive or store information), the capacity to adapt to enviro changes and the ability to apply past experiences to novel problems?
Sternberg or “Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory”
What’s the VCI on the WAIS-IV
Verbal comprehension index like similarities, vocabulary
What’s the PRI on the WAIS-IV
Perceptual reasoning index (visual puzzles)
What’s the WMI on the WAIS-IV
Working memory index like digit span and arithmetic
What’s the PSI on the WAIS-IV
Processing speed index like symbol search and coding
What’s the GAI on the WAIS-IV
General ability index like verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning
The WISC-V is used with what ages?
Children 6-17 years old
What happens with the verbal comprehension of the WISC-V in children with chronic middle ear infections (chronic otitis media)
the verbal comprehension will often be depressed
What are the VSI and the FRI in the WISC-V?
VSI - Visual-spatial index (puzzles)
FRI - fFuid reasoning index (matrix reasoning & figure weights)
What happens with crystallized and fluid abilities as we age?
Crystallized: generally do not decrease with age, they remain intact or may improve.
Fluid: peak in adolescence and decline in a gradual steady manner thereafter
Is VCI considered crystallized abilities or perceptual reasoning/fluid abilities?
Crystallized abilities
Are the PRI (WAIS) and FRI (WISC) considered crystallized abilities or perceptual reasoning/fluid abilities?
Perceptual/Fluid abilities
How does SES and more education impact VCI vs PRI/FRI?
More education & higher SES have higher VCI scores than PRI/FRI scores, while lower SES & less education show higher PRI/FRI scores and lower VCI scores
Is the VCI or PRI/FRI more susceptible to anxiety and depression
PRI/FRI - perceptual reasoning/fluid abilities
Which tests are the best “hold tests” that remain the same after brain damage or injury/good indicators of pre-morbid intellectual functioning?
Vocabulary and information (VCI)
What two things do you need to be diagnosed with an intellectual disability?
- IQ of 70 or below
- must show evidence of deficits in adaptive functioning in one or more areas (conceptual/academic, social, and practical domains) across multiple environments (home, school, work)
What is the Vineland Test of Adaptive Functioning used for?
To measure/assess adaptive functioning
What do the terms “floor” and “ceiling” mean?
floor: the lowest score you can get on a test
ceiling: the highest possible score you can get
What is the Standford-Binet 5 valuable test for in terms of floor and ceiling?
it’s best at assessing giftedness and intellectual disability as it has a lower floor and a much higher ceiling
What’s the best non-verbal test of intelligence?
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
What’s the test for intelligence for infants but is a poor predictor of intelligence for later years because it tests abilities like sensorimotor skills
Bayley
In the MMPI-2, which are the most frequently cited validity scales?
L, F, & K
What do validity scales do in the MMPI-2?
they help determine if a profile is valid and also provides information on test taking approach
What’s the L scale? (MMPI-2)
“Lie scale,” which a high score indicates if a person is making a naive attempt at presenting themselves in an overly optimistic light (e.g., I’ve never gossiped about anyone in my life)
What’s the F scale? (MMPI-2)
Infrequency or “fake bad” scale, they are infrequently endorsed items (e.g., “I hear voices”), could suggest psychotic processes, tremendous distress, or could reflect a cry for help
What’s the K scale? (MMPI-2)
Guardedness scale. High scores would suggest a person is making a more sophisticated attempt at presenting themselves in a positive light, better than they actually are. In contrast, a low score would suggest poor ego strength or openly reveal negative aspects.
With F and K, what would they look like if a test taker is attempting to “fake good”?
Low F
High K
With F and K, what would they look like if a test taker is attempting to “fake bad”?
High F
Low K
What’s scale 1 - Hypochondriasis (HS) in the MMPI-2?
High scorers have physical complaints and are illness-focused
What’s scale 3 - Hysteria (HY) in the MMPI-2?
high scorers have physical complaints and defensive denial or emotional or interpersonal problems, demand for affection and social disinhibition
What’s scale 5 -Masculinity-Femininity (MF) in the MMPI-2?
high scoring males: express warmth
low scoring males: traditionally more masculine interests
high scoring females: traditional male interests/confident/logical
low scoring females: passive & yielding
What’s scale 7 - Psychastheia (PT) in the MMPI-2?
high scorers indicate fears, anxiety, compulsions, indecisiveness and ruminative self-doubt
What happens if you administer the MCMI-IV (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory) on a non-clinical population?
It would exaggerate pathology (you would look worse than you actually are) as the test was normed on a clinical population
What’s a projective hypothesis?
when are person interprets an unstructured stimuli
What 4 dimensions are used to score a Rorschach response?
- Content - category
- Location - area of the blot
- Form Quality - how accurately the response relates to the form of the inkblot
- Developmental Quality - integration
What does the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop test measure?
Cognitive functioning
What does the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test measure?
Perceptual/motor abilities
What does the Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) measure?
cognitive impairment and cognitive changes over time
What are neuropsychological test batteries (Halstead Reitan and Luria Nebraska) designed for?
sample the patient’s neuropsychological functioning
Achievement tests are used to diagnose what?
Learning disorder, when the affected academic skills are substantially below those expected for the person’s age and it interferes with their performance in work or school or activities of daily living
What changed from the WISC-IV to the newer version of the WISC-V
WISC-V has:
- full scale (FSIQ)
- 5 primary index scales (WISC-IV has only 4)
- 5 ancillary index scales
- subtest scores
