Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of memory?

Answer 1

1. Sensory
2. Short-Term
3. Long-Term

Question 2

With sensory memory, what’s iconic memory?

Answer 2

visual images lasting up to a 1/2 second

Question 3

With sensory memory, what’s echoic memory?

Answer 3

sounds lasting up to 4 seconds

Question 4

What process can pass into short-term memory when we are bombarded by visual and auditory information?

Answer 4

Selective attention (only the information we attend to)

Question 5

Short-term memory only stores memories for what short duration of time?

Answer 5

up to 30 seconds

Question 6

What are the two components of short-term memory?

Answer 6

Primary memory and working memory

Question 7

What’s primary memory?

Answer 7

passive holding tank of information requiring no manipulation (remembering a 5 digit sequence)

Question 8

What’s working memory?

Answer 8

holds information but also manipulates it (repeating a 5-digit sequence backwards)

Question 9

How many items can a person keep in short-term memory?

Answer 9

5-9 items

Question 10

Chunking or rehearsing helps with what?

Answer 10

turning short-term memory into long-term memory

Question 11

Some theorists break down long term memory into what 2 components?

Answer 11

Recent memory and remote memory

Question 12

What’s the difference between recent & remote memory?

Answer 12

recent: lasts around 2-weeks
remote: lasts around 2 years or more

Question 13

What’s eidetic memory?

Answer 13

It’s photographic memory when you can retain an image of what was seen for a long period of time

Question 14

What are the two concepts involved in retrieval with long term memory

Answer 14

Recognition & recall

Question 15

What’s a way to improve recognition with retrieval in long-term memory?

Answer 15

Priming

Question 16

What’s priming with long-term memory?

Answer 16

exposure to a stimulus to help a person recognize the stimuli at a later point in time

Question 17

What’s the Zeigarnik Effect?

Answer 17

to continue to work on a solution unconsciously - the tendency to remember and work on incomplete tasks

Question 18

What’s redintigration?

Answer 18

when something rapidly unlocks a chain of memories (a smell)

Question 19

What’s landmark events?

Answer 19

events that are important to us like graduation or a wedding and we can use those events to locate details of other events around that same time

Question 20

What are flashbulb memories?

Answer 20

memories of significant events usually of traumatic nature - evokes strong emotional reactions at the time of encoding

Question 21

What’s prospective memory

Answer 21

Remembering that one had planned to do something at a particular time

Question 22

What are the effects of hypnosis on memory?

Answer 22

It tends to elicit more false memories than true ones, so they are more likely to reconstruct memories or use imagination to fill in the gaps - therapists could give false information the hypnotized person will incorporate it into their memory

Question 23

Why does a distortion in information happen when you retrieve it from long-term memory?

Answer 23

Long-term memory relies on semantic features (the meaning) where you can’t repeat an exact sentence you read, but you can identify a sentence with similar meaning but not the exact wording

Question 24

Are eyewitness reports reliable or unreliable?

Answer 24

Highly unreliable - people commonly misidentify innocent people in mugshots and lineups, and they report inaccurate memories with high degrees of confidence

Question 25

What are the two classifications of memory?

Answer 25

1. Declarative/explicit memory 2. Procedural memory

Question 26

What's declarative or explicit memory?

Answer 26

Conscious recollection of information or experience

Question 27

Two subcategories of declarative/explicit memory

Answer 27

1. Semantic 2. Episodic

Question 28

What's the difference between semantic and episodic memory

Answer 28

Semantic: memory of meanings of words/facts and how they relate to each other Episodic: recalling autobiographical events and when/where it occurred

Question 29

What's prodedural/implicit/nondeclarative memory

Answer 29

Recollection of skills, physical operations and procedures that are remembered automatically without conscious awareness

Question 30

What does the hippocampus specifically do with memory?

Answer 30

Consolidates short-term memory into long-term memory

Question 31

What neurotransmitter is essential to memory?

Answer 31

Acetylcholine (ACh) e.g., people with Alzheimer's have problems with its production

Question 32

What's long-term potentiation (LTP) & what are the enzymes called associated with it?

Answer 32

The physiological process by which short-term memories become long-term memories which includes enzymes called kinases Through repeated stimulation of a synapse (through rehearsal) it leads to chemical and structural changes in the dendrite of the receiving neuron

Question 33

What's the serial position effect with immediate recall? how is it different than delayed recall?

Answer 33

Immediate: they remember the beginning and the end of the list rather than the middle (AKA Serial Position Effect) Delayed: only remembering the beginning of the list while the end & middle are remembered to equivalent degrees (AKA Primacy Effect)

Question 34

What's anterograde vs retrograde amnesia?

Answer 34

Anterograde: impairment in acquiring new memories Retrograde: loss of memories that happened before injury or disease

Question 35

What's post-traumatic amnesia?

Answer 35

Loss of memories for events occurring a short time after a trauma

Question 36

What's paramnesia?

Answer 36

Distortion of memory that involves confabulation

Question 37

What's interference and what are the 2 types?

Answer 37

Interference is forgetting because other material interferes with the ability to learn or retrieve the target material 1. Retroactive interference 2. Proactive interference

Question 38

What's the difference between retroactive vs proactive interference?

Answer 38

Retroactive: recent learning interferes with ability to recall past learned materials RE = recent info is causing interference with past Proactive: previously learned material interferes with your ability to learn/recall current material P= past info is causing interference with current

Question 39

Mood congruent memory

Answer 39

We tend to remember material better when our mood is the same when recalling it as it was while we learned it

Question 40

State-dependent memory

Answer 40

when you remember material better when your are in a similar state to when the learning took place e.g., you studied under the influence of marijuana, and so you take marijuana before taking the exam

Question 41

What theorist created the concept of "motivated forgetting.'

Answer 41

Freud, he believed the unconscious can block painful or disturbing memories