Physical Developmental Flashcards
What type of developmental change proposes that if you don’t master one developmental stage, you’re at risk for future developmental failures? (Stage theorists/qualitative change or continuity proponents/quantitative change)
Stage theorists/qualitative change
Who are the three major stage theorists?
Piaget, Kohlberg & Erikson
What’s approach is most known with quantitative change of development?
the information processing approach
What kind of developmental change (qualitative or quantitative) believes development is continuous where you gradually learn, and adults have developed more abilities, skills and knowledge as they’ve aged from childhood
Quantitative
Bronfenbrenner’s 5 levels of environmental influence: Microsystem
everyday environment the person encounters
Bronfenbrenner’s 5 levels of environmental influence: Mesosystem
interactions/links between the microsystems like a child’s parents meeting his teacher to discuss learning strategies
Bronfenbrenner’s 5 levels of environmental influence: Exosystem
the relationship between two or more settings, where at least one person isn’t in the setting but the setting indirectly affects them, like a mother being harassed at the workplace which then impacts her parenting at home to her kids
Bronfenbrenner’s 5 levels of environmental influence: Macrosystem
influences of religion, culture, economy & political systems
Bronfenbrenner’s 5 levels of environmental influence: Chronosystem
the role of the passage of time in a person’s life like moving, a birth of a sibling, economic growth or war
Differences between normative vs non-normative influences on development
- Normative: typical/events that happen similarly with most people
- could be an event that happens to a particular cohort (e.g., ukrainian war) - Non-normative: atypical - unusual events that have a major impact
Difference between critical vs sensitive periods of development & provide examples
critical: something must occur during that period or it will never occur (e.g., when certain organs MUST develop during a particular embryonic stage, and if they DON’T, they won’t ever develop properly - birth defects)
sensitive: when learning has more of an impact then it will at any other time (like learning a language between ages 1-3, but you can still learn a language in adulthood, just not as easily)
How many chromosomes does each human cell contain, and how many genes?
23 PAIRS of chromosome & thousands of genes
What 2 things is a gene composed of?
DNA & RNA
RNA is noted to have what significant role related what functioning in the brain?
Memory
Difference between a genotype & a phenotype
genotype: what’s in a person’s genes/genetic makeup, both expressed and unexpressed
phenotype: what’s outwardly observable, what actually presents
22 pairs of our chromosomes are called ______, and the 23rd pair are ______ chromosomes
22 pairs: autosome
23rd pair: sex chromosomes (one from father & one from mother)
What letter is used for the sex chromosome of an ovum & what letters represent what could be contained within a sperm?
ovum: X
sperm: X or Y
2 letters to represent a female zygote vs a male zygote?
female zygote: XX
male zygote: XY
Klinefelter’s Syndrome: 1. sex chromosome or autosomal abnormality? 2. genetic code
3. what gender does it occur with?
4. impact on intelligence & can they reproduce?
- Sex chromosome abnormality
- XXY
- Males
- less intelligent & can’t reproduce
Turner’s syndrome:
1. sex chromosome or autosomal abnormality?2. genetic code
3. what gender does it occur with?
4. impact on intelligence can they reproduce?
- sex chromosome abnormality
- X0 - missing X
- Women
- no impact on intelligence & can’t reproduce (no menstruation or ovulation)
Down’s syndrome:
1. sex chromosome or autosomal abnormality 2. impact on which chromosome?
- autosomal abnormality
- on the 21st chromosome, you have 3 chromosomes instead of a pair/2
PKU (Phenylketonuria):
1. sex chromosome or autosomal abnormality? 2. what can’t be metabolized?
3. what can it result in?
- autosomal
- phenylalanine
- if phenylalanine is taken it can result in severe mental deficiencies
Hemophilia:
1. sex chromosome or autosomal abnormality?
2. predominantly found in what gender?
3. what does it cause?
4. what’s needed to prevent blood clotting?
- sex chromosome abnormality
- males
- excessive bleeding
- frequent blood transfusions
Sickle Cell Anemia:
1. sex chromosome or autosomal abnormality?
2. predominantly found in what race?
3. impact on which blood cells that can clog blood vessels?
- autosomal
- African Americans
- fragile RED blood cells
Prenatal period: Germinal Period
1. period of time
2. what happens to the zygote?
- conception to two weeks
- rapidly divides & implants itself to the uterine wall
Prenatal period: Embryonic period
1. period of time
2. what develops during this time?
3. what’s most likely to occur in this first trimester?
- 2 weeks to 8-12 weeks
- major organ systems
- birth defects
What are teratogenic agents?
agents that cause birth defects
Prenatal period: Fetal period
1. period of time
2. what develops during this time?
- 8-12 weeks until birth
- rapid growth/more complexity developed in organs & less crucial body parts like nails & lashes
What does cephalocaudal mean?
that the head and upper body develop before the lower body (from the top of the body down)
What does it mean that humans exhibit less sexual dimorphism than many other species?
that there are less differences/more similarity between the sexes (male & females) within the same species
Moro reflex
- mnemonic
baby extends their legs, arms, fingers and arches their back in response to being startled (e.g., loud noise or feeling like their going to be dropped)
- moro the monster scare
Rooting reflex
- mnemonic
baby turning head, opening mouth & beginning to suck in response to their cheek being stroked with finger or nipple
- Rooting for food or Ready to feed
Babinski reflex
- mnemonic
baby spreading out toes & twisting foot in response to the sole of foot being stroked
- Baby’s BIG toe up!
Grasp reflex
baby makes a first fist around an object placed in the hand
What’s the exception to most infant’s senses being well developed at birth?
Vision
When does a baby achieve 20/20 acuity in vision?
between 6 months to 2 years
When can a baby distinguish their mother’s face from that of others?
By 1 month of age
What does cross modal fluency mean & when is the ability first exhibited?
the ability to imitate facial features & happens at 2-3 weeks of age
When does a social smile emerge in an infant?
2 months old
Infants are able to stand alone on average at what age?
11-12 months old
When can infants take first steps and when can they start walking up steps?
first steps: 11-15 months
walking up steps: 16 months
When is it recommended to begin toilet training?
Not before 24 months so after 24 months of age
What does plasticity mean with a young child until 7-8 years of age?
it means that if a significant hemisphere of the brain is damaged, another part of the brain can compensate and the child can recover
What is myelination and it continues into what age?
- A myelin sheath is developed around axons of some neurons
- It enhances speed of processing, attention span & frontal lobe functioning
- Continues into a person’s 20’s
When does puberty occur in girls vs boys and what does it include within that stage?
girls: 10-12 y.o & includes first menstrual period
boys: 12-14 & includes first ejaculation
The impact on boys who mature earlier vs girls who mature earlier
Boys: positive psychological adjustment overall
Girls: mixed effects, with higher academic achievement/independence but lower self-esteem, poor body image & more conflict with parents
Does research support it as true or as a myth that menopause is a time of psychological instability?
Research does not support it as true - MYTH
What’s the term: male climacteric?
Gradual changes in men due to decreased testosterone
What two things dramatically affect the variety of physical abilities declining with age?
Environment & lifestyle choices
The difference between the 2 explanations for aging: primary vs secondary aging
Primary aging: inevitable changes in physical/mental processes - aging is genetically controlled, daily stressors wear out the body’s cells - more biological perspective
Secondary aging: it results from disease, disuse and neglect - more environmental perspective
What’s research found in connection to sexual activity in old age vs earlier years
That people who were sexually active are more likely to remain sexually active in old age
What’s the difference between sexual activity in women vs men in old age?
men - engage in sexual activity into their 70’s or 80’s
women - are physiologically able to be sexually active a long as they live
What’s the model called that focuses on perceptions of vulnerability & beliefs about illness that influence our health behaviours?
The Health Belief Model
What’s the most significant source of preventable health risks and premature deaths?
Smoking
What’s the most common nutritional problems among older adults in the USA?
Obesity
What’s an important thing to assess in older adults as a significant factor contributing to overall well-being?
Nutrition
What’s the affect of gender & race on life expectancy?
Gender: Women outlive men
Race: White Americans outlive non-white Americans
What’s the social buffer hypothesis?
Social support can reduce stress but it’s not how much support but it’s your perception of having an adequate social network
What did the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale measure?
the relationship between stress & illness
e.g., the more points, the more likely you were to have illness - divorce is 100 points (most stressful) vs death of a friend is 37 points (less stressful)
