(Social) & Multicultural Flashcards
Etic vs Emic
Etic: universal view of people
Emic: culture-specific view - eMic = Multi-cultural
Acculturation
A process in which members of one cultural group learn about & adopt the beliefs and behaviours of another group
Enculturation
the process of learning about one’s own culture, influenced primarily by home & family
Bicultural
Successful integration of two or more aspects of their cultural identity
4 acculturation strategies from Berry’s model of acculturation
- Assimilation - they don’t maintain their cultural identity
- Separation - when people place value on their original culture & wish to avoid interaction with people from other cultured
- Integration - people maintain their original culture while also interacting with people from other cultures
- Marginalization - when people do not maintain their cultural identity & do not seek to interact with people from other
What are the two key factors of Berry’s model of acculturation?
- cultural maintenance
- contact/participation
What’s an example of a mental disorder where the prevalence rate varies greatly across countries?
Major depression ranges from 2-19% across countries
What’s a common cultural idiom of distress?
Somatization
Cultural encapsulation
An issue for the therapist when they have narrow views of culture & minimizes cultural variation
Heterosexism
Ideas or beliefs that put down people who are non-heterosexual behaviour - general bias against non-heterosexuals
Stage 1 of Troiden’s 4 stage model of gay & lesbian development
- sensitization - occurs before puberty where child senses differentness related to gender rather than sexuality
Stage 2 of Troiden’s 4-stage model of gay & lesbian development
- Identity confusion - around age 17-18 when there’s a growing recognition of homosexual feelings & impulses & feeling excluded from the world
Stage 3 of Troiden’s 4-stage model of gay & lesbian development
- Identity assumption - managing social stigma around ages 19-22 & increased contact with the gay/lesbian community & strategies like capitulation (agreeing with negative views); minstralization (acting out stereotypical behaviour); passing (only identifying as gay in a select group of people) & group alignment (immersing oneself in gay groups but still harbouring negative views)
Stage 4 of Troiden’s 4-stage model of gay & lesbian development
Commitment - around ages 22-23 when they integrate their homosexual identity & are more open & happier
Difference between homophobic and heterosexism
homophobic: fear & hatred towards people who are gay
heterosexism: general bias - opposed to or denigrating homosexuals
low context vs high context communication (Population/culture that use them)
low context: The meaning of communication is based on what’s explicitly verbalized (middle-class white American culture)
high context: The context matters a lot like the nonverbal cues matter, the meaning is different depending on how or when they say it (African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Filipino culture)
The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage one
Conformity - minority prefers dominant culture - negative attitudes about oneself & their culture
The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage two
Dissonance: questions the values and customs of the dominant culture & begins to appreciate their culture
The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage three
Resistance: strongly favour their culture, rejects dominant culture & empathy for other minority groups
The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage four
Introspection: a deeper level of analysis of seeing the elements of the dominant culture that are functional & desirable & ethnocentrism is diminished & interest grows in the oppression of other minority groups
The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage five
Synergetic Articulation & Awareness (AKA integrative awareness): appropriately critical and appreciative of their own culture, dominant culture & other minority cultures
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Contact (what stage & what is it?)
Stage one: white people are ignorant & don’t recognize racism or their privilege
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Disintegration (What stage & what is it?
Stage two: white people start to feel bad about the advantages they have and how they maintain racism
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Reintegration (What stage & what is it?)
Stage three: White people believe they are superior to groups of colour & racial groups are inferior
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Pseudo-independence (What stage & what is it?)
Stage four: Start to question the inferiority of people of colour & may try and disavow their one whiteness & associate with people of colour
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Immersion/Emersion (What stage & what is it?)
Stage five: self-examination & information-seeking of accurate information to replace myths about race
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Autonomy (What stage & what is it?)
Stage six: positive redefinition of being white and ongoing openness to new info and new ways of thinking about race & culture
What does collateral mean with Hispanic culture?
opposition to individualistic - values family and social connectedness
What are common mental health disorders for Central American immigrants?
war-related PTSD & trauma
How do Hispanics typically express their emotional symptoms?
Through physical complaints
Interventions with Hispanics should be what three things? (______ , ______ & oriented to ____ ____)
Concrete, active & oriented to problem-solving
What culture has significant sex role flexibility?
African Americans
Are African Americans underdiagnosed or overdiagnosed with schizophrenia & bipolar disorder
Overdiagnosed with schizophrenia
Underdiagnosed with bipolar disorder
Cultural paranoia
a healthy suspiciousness based on real experiences of racism
Which cultural group is important to be egalitarian within the therapeutic relationship?
African American
Mental health issues with Native Americans
Suicide rates 1.5 times higher
Fetal alcohol syndrome & alcohol related deaths
Higher rates of PTSD which stem from the rate of violent victimization, that is more than twice the national average
What are two important things to incorporate into therapy with Native Americans?
Family therapy & traditional healing practices
Compared to other populations, Asian Americans are less likely to:
1. experience depression
2. experience sleep disturbance,
3. respond positively to sleep medication
4. commit suicide
commit suicide
