(Social) & Multicultural

Question 1

Etic vs Emic

Answer 1

Etic: universal view of people
Emic: culture-specific view - eMic = Multi-cultural

Question 2

Acculturation

Answer 2

A process in which members of one cultural group learn about & adopt the beliefs and behaviours of another group

Question 3

Enculturation

Answer 3

the process of learning about one’s own culture, influenced primarily by home & family

Question 4

Bicultural

Answer 4

Successful integration of two or more aspects of their cultural identity

Question 5

4 acculturation strategies from Berry’s model of acculturation

Answer 5

1. Assimilation - they don’t maintain their cultural identity
2. Separation - when people place value on their original culture & wish to avoid interaction with people from other cultured
3. Integration - people maintain their original culture while also interacting with people from other cultures
4. Marginalization - when people do not maintain their cultural identity & do not seek to interact with people from other

Question 6

What are the two key factors of Berry’s model of acculturation?

Answer 6

1. cultural maintenance
2. contact/participation

Question 7

What’s an example of a mental disorder where the prevalence rate varies greatly across countries?

Answer 7

Major depression ranges from 2-19% across countries

Question 8

What’s a common cultural idiom of distress?

Answer 8

Somatization

Question 9

Cultural encapsulation

Answer 9

An issue for the therapist when they have narrow views of culture & minimizes cultural variation

Question 10

Heterosexism

Answer 10

Ideas or beliefs that put down people who are non-heterosexual behaviour - general bias against non-heterosexuals

Question 11

Stage 1 of Troiden’s 4 stage model of gay & lesbian development

Answer 11

1. sensitization - occurs before puberty where child senses differentness related to gender rather than sexuality

Question 12

Stage 2 of Troiden’s 4-stage model of gay & lesbian development

Answer 12

2. Identity confusion - around age 17-18 when there’s a growing recognition of homosexual feelings & impulses & feeling excluded from the world

Question 13

Stage 3 of Troiden’s 4-stage model of gay & lesbian development

Answer 13

3. Identity assumption - managing social stigma around ages 19-22 & increased contact with the gay/lesbian community & strategies like capitulation (agreeing with negative views); minstralization (acting out stereotypical behaviour); passing (only identifying as gay in a select group of people) & group alignment (immersing oneself in gay groups but still harbouring negative views)

Question 14

Stage 4 of Troiden’s 4-stage model of gay & lesbian development

Answer 14

Commitment - around ages 22-23 when they integrate their homosexual identity & are more open & happier

Question 15

Difference between homophobic and heterosexism

Answer 15

homophobic: fear & hatred towards people who are gay
heterosexism: general bias - opposed to or denigrating homosexuals

Question 16

low context vs high context communication (Population/culture that use them)

Answer 16

low context: The meaning of communication is based on what’s explicitly verbalized (middle-class white American culture)
high context: The context matters a lot like the nonverbal cues matter, the meaning is different depending on how or when they say it (African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Filipino culture)

Question 17

The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage one

Answer 17

Conformity - minority prefers dominant culture - negative attitudes about oneself & their culture

Question 18

The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage two

Answer 18

Dissonance: questions the values and customs of the dominant culture & begins to appreciate their culture

Question 19

The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage three

Answer 19

Resistance: strongly favour their culture, rejects dominant culture & empathy for other minority groups

Question 20

The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage four

Answer 20

Introspection: a deeper level of analysis of seeing the elements of the dominant culture that are functional & desirable & ethnocentrism is diminished & interest grows in the oppression of other minority groups

Question 21

The Minority Identity Development Model: Stage five

Answer 21

Synergetic Articulation & Awareness (AKA integrative awareness): appropriately critical and appreciative of their own culture, dominant culture & other minority cultures

Question 22

Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Contact (what stage & what is it?)

Answer 22

Stage one: white people are ignorant & don’t recognize racism or their privilege

Question 23

Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Disintegration (What stage & what is it?

Answer 23

Stage two: white people start to feel bad about the advantages they have and how they maintain racism

Question 24

Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Reintegration (What stage & what is it?)

Answer 24

Stage three: White people believe they are superior to groups of colour & racial groups are inferior

Question 25

Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Pseudo-independence (What stage & what is it?)

Answer 25

Stage four: Start to question the inferiority of people of colour & may try and disavow their one whiteness & associate with people of colour

Question 26

Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Immersion/Emersion (What stage & what is it?)

Answer 26

Stage five: self-examination & information-seeking of accurate information to replace myths about race

Question 27

Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model - Autonomy (What stage & what is it?)

Answer 27

Stage six: positive redefinition of being white and ongoing openness to new info and new ways of thinking about race & culture

Question 28

What does collateral mean with Hispanic culture?

Answer 28

opposition to individualistic - values family and social connectedness

Question 29

What are common mental health disorders for Central American immigrants?

Answer 29

war-related PTSD & trauma

Question 30

How do Hispanics typically express their emotional symptoms?

Answer 30

Through physical complaints

Question 31

Interventions with Hispanics should be what three things? (______ , ______ & oriented to ____ ____)

Answer 31

Concrete, active & oriented to problem-solving

Question 32

What culture has significant sex role flexibility?

Answer 32

African Americans

Question 33

Are African Americans underdiagnosed or overdiagnosed with schizophrenia & bipolar disorder

Answer 33

Overdiagnosed with schizophrenia
Underdiagnosed with bipolar disorder

Question 34

Cultural paranoia

Answer 34

a healthy suspiciousness based on real experiences of racism

Question 35

Which cultural group is important to be egalitarian within the therapeutic relationship?

Answer 35

African American

Question 36

Mental health issues with Native Americans

Answer 36

Suicide rates 1.5 times higher
Fetal alcohol syndrome & alcohol related deaths
Higher rates of PTSD which stem from the rate of violent victimization, that is more than twice the national average

Question 37

What are two important things to incorporate into therapy with Native Americans?

Answer 37

Family therapy & traditional healing practices

Question 38

Compared to other populations, Asian Americans are less likely to:
1. experience depression
2. experience sleep disturbance,
3. respond positively to sleep medication
4. commit suicide

Answer 38

commit suicide