Transport Flashcards
Congestion in cities; number of people owning a vehicle
There has been an increase in the number of people owning a vehicle.
Congestion in cities; in favor of private transport
Fewer people are choosing to travel using public transport in favor of private transport.
Congestion in cities; inadequate infrastructure
The infrastructure of many major cities is inadequate to deal with the high volume of traffic.
Congestion
Noun
The state of being congested; Density, Compression- Crowding- Overcrowding: Frequent roadworks result in roads being closed and congestion building in other areas of the city.
Congestion in cities; mass rush-hour traffic
The same opening and closing times of business, services and shops cause mass rush-hour traffic.
Congestion in cities; to cycle
There are few or no incentives for people to cycle.
Congestion in cities; Solutions
Build overpass and underpass to deal with roads that were never built to handle a large volume of traffic.
Congestion in cities; offering cheap bike rental
Encourage people to ride bicycle by offering cheap bike rentals throughout the city center.
Efficiency
Noun
The state or quality of being efficient; Performance, Proficiency- Yield: Improve the efficiency, reliability and comfort of public transport.
Congestion in cities; Rise the tax
Rise the tax on privately owned vehicles to limit ownership.
Congestion in cities; Schedule roadwork
Schedule roadworks for night time only when traffic flow is at a minimum.
Stagger
Verb Arrange (events, payments, hours, etc.) so that they do not occur at the same time; spread over a period of time: Stagger opening and closing times to control traffic flow at peak time.
Deter
Verb
Put somebody off doing something. Discourage (someone) from doing something by instilling doubt or fear of the consequences; Put off- Discourage- Dissuade- Prevent: As cheap tickets and budget holidays abroad are the main reason people fly, increasing tax will increase airfares, which will deter people from choosing to travel by plane.
Good
Merchandise or possessions- Commodity: By raising the price of flights, the price of goods will also increase, which will be detrimental to consumer.
Is increasing tax on flights the best way to reduce air travel?
As many countries rely on the money brought in by tourists who fly in from abroad, increasing the price of tickets will result in fewer visitors and possible economic problems.
Make other forms of transport, such as overnight trains or sleeper buses, more efficient and comfortable for passengers and lower the price of using other forms of transport
Higher airfares will only affect lower-income families.
Higher taxes will discourage airlines from investing in cabin amenities.
Encourage people to holiday within their own country rather than abroad.
Reduce business travel by promoting video and web conferencing. In crease investment in the rail infrastructure.
To increase/raise/put up a tax
To put/introduce/levy/impose a tax
To decrease/cut/lower/reduce/slash taxes
Cut (something) with a violent sweeping movement, typically using a knife or sword.
To evade/dodge taxes
Avoid (someone or something) by a sudden quick movement.
Flag up
Verb
(of an official in football, soccer, and other sports) raise or throw a flag to indicate a breach of the rules: Some people have developed health problems affecting their driving that would be flagged up more quickly with regular testing.
If you flag something up, you mention it so that other people know about it.
It helps people keep up to date with the development of technologies, speeds and facilities in cars.
People will be retested on essential road rules which are easily forgotten after years of driving.
Approach
Verb
Come near or nearer to (someone or something) in distance or time; Proceed toward- Come/go toward- Advance toward: As road systems develop and modernize, people will be able to learn the correct way to approach them.
Strain
Noun
A severe or excessive demand on the strength, resources, or abilities of someone or something; Pressure- Demand- Burden: It would be a financial strain on many people to retake their test so often. There would be a strain on the government to provide more driving test facilities and more staff.
A strain on something is pressure caused by a difficult situation.
At stake
For the people who cannot afford to retake their test but rely on their car for work, their whole livelihood could be at stake.
If something valuable is at stake, it risks being lost or damaged.
Livelihood
Noun
a means of securing the necessities of life; Income- Source of income- Means of support: For the people who cannot afford to retake their test but rely on their car for work, their whole livelihood could be at stake.
Compromise
Verb
Bring into disrepute or danger by indiscreet, foolish, or reckless behavior. Settle a dispute by mutual concession. Accept standards that are lower than is desirable: It is unlikely that a person’s driving ability would be compromised over just five years.
If you compromise something important, you risk losing it or harming it.
Assess
Verb
Evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of; Evaluate- Judge- Gauge- Rate- Estimate- Appraise: A better alternative might be to get people to undergo a full medical examination to assess their fitness to drive.
Public transport
Many people cannot afford their own private transport, which makes public transport essential.
Without public transport, many people would have problems travelling long distances to work.
Public transport allows many people to travel in just one vehicle, which helps reduce traffic congestion in city centers.
Consumption
Noun
The using up of a resource; Use- Expending- Expenditure- Utilization: There are environmental benefits of many people using one vehicle in the form of a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuel.
People can use their commuting time on public transport to make friends and socialize.
There are significantly fewer traffic accidents involving public transport compared to private transport.
Catered for
Public transport does not offer flexible routes, which means many destinations are not catered for.
Buses must take a lone route to a destination to pick up passengers, which can make the journey too time-consuming for many people.
Overcrowding on public transport can make using it unpleasant for many or almost impossible for disabled people.
Desert
Verb abandon (a person, cause, or organization) in a way considered disloyal or treacherous; Give up- Quit- Discard- Forsake- Leave- Cast off: Commuters are beginning to desert the public transport system because they find it expensive, overcrowded and unreliable.
Aggression
Noun
hostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another; readiness to attack or confront; Hostility- Aggressiveness- Belligerence: Unfortunately, verbal aggression and even theft are rife on our trains and buses.
Reliability
Noun
The quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well; Dependability- Trustiness- Validity: As citizens come to rely more on public transport, the reliability of the bus and tram services becomes essential.
Demand
Noun
An insistent and peremptory request, made as if by right; Request- Call- Command- Order: Some cities have both fixed-route bus services during peak hours and flexible-route services during low demand periods.
Detour
Noun
A long or roundabout route that is taken to avoid something or to visit somewhere along the way;
Deviation- Deflection: It allows people more freedom to travel as they can choose the route themselves and take detours (to go by a route which is not the shortest way, for example because you want to avoid a traffic jam) when they want.
Correlation
Noun
a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things; Connection- Association- Link- Tie-in- Tie-up- Relation: There is positive correlation between increasing car ownership and economic growth: greater demand for cars can result in more car manufacturing, more jobs and more tax revenue (money that the government receives from people).
Contributor
Noun
A person or thing that contributes something: The number of cars on the road has a direct impact on air quality because exhaust fumes are a major contributor to air pollution.
Depletion
Noun
Reduction in the number or quantity of something (supplies, forests, ozone layer); Evacuation- Discharge- Consumption- using up: As number of cars rises, the demand for more fossil fuels (things like coal, gas, oil formed underground from plant and animal remains) increases, which causes more pollution as well as a depletion of the world’s resources.
Ownership
Noun
he act, state, or right of possessing something; Possession: As car ownership increases, so too does the gap between rich and poor.
Scheme
Noun
Plan: Some people buy cars they cannot afford on credit schemes to keep up with the joneses, which can lead to more personal debt.
Incur
Verb
Become subject to (something unwelcome or unpleasant) as a result of one’s own behavior or actions: Cars also mean that people will incur extra expenses such as fuel costs, insurance and repairs.
To keep up with the joneses
Phrase
To want to buy the same expensive things as your neighbors or friends because you are worried about appearing socially inferior to them.
Owning a car means you no longer have to travel with other people, which means avoiding the spread of illness, the discomfort of overcrowding and the possibility of pickpocketing.
Having a car means that you can travel easily with lots of luggage rather than carrying it all when using public transport.
Cope with
Verb
(of a person) deal effectively with something difficult; tackle- Manage- Survive: Many roads and streets in city centers were not built to cope with such a high volume of traffic resulting in serious congestion problems.
Occur
Verb
Happen; Take place- Come about: More traffic accidents occur due to the increase in traffic.
Railway train/station/timetable/travel/network/infrastructure
High-speed/state/electric/private/regional Railway
Rail infrastructure/service/network/transport/travel/passenger
Train delays/journey/travelers/timetable/fare/line
Road congestion/network/infrastructure/closure/access/development
It is healthier to travel short distances on foot or by bike. cars do not contribute towards better health.
