TPO2_1 Flashcards
alarming
Adjective
1
worrying or disturbing.
our countryside is disappearing at an alarming rate
desertification
بیابان زایی
threaten
ate one’s intention to take hostile action against someone in retribution for something done or not done:
تهدید کردن
accomplish
achieve or complete successfully.
the planes accomplished their mission
erosion
فرسایش
blown
دمیده شده
stony
سنگی
finer
1
of high quality.
this was a fine piece of filmmaking
(of a thread, filament, or person’s hair) thin.
I have always had fine and dry hair
accumulate
gather together or acquire an increasing number or quantity of.
investigators have yet to accumulate enough evidence
ridge
a long narrow hilltop, mountain range, or watershed.
the northeast ridge of Everest
substantial
of considerable importance, size, or worth.
a substantial amount of cash
quantity
the amount or number of a material or immaterial thing not usually estimated by spatial measurement.
the quantity and quality of the fruit can be controlled
impact
تأثیر
clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals
sealing
Noun
1
the action or process of fastening or closing something securely.
observers have the right to be present during the sealing of the ballot box
2
the application of a nonporous coating to a surface to make it impervious.
inadequate seam sealing is the most common reason roofing systems fail
3
the definitive conclusion or establishment of something.
that moment is the sealing of a pact
4
the activity of hunting for seals.
the protected species is only now recovering from commercial sealing in the past
penetration
1
the action or process of making a way through or into something.
the plant grows in clear, still waters where there is strong sunlight penetration
consequently
در نتیجه
runoff
the draining away of water (or substances carried in it) from the surface of an area of land, a building or structure, etc.
the ratio of runoff to rainfall
gradual
taking place or progressing slowly or by degrees.
the gradual introduction of new methods
diminish
1
make or become less.
a tax whose purpose is to diminish spending
deterioration
the process of becoming progressively worse.
a deterioration in the condition of the patient
زوال
climate
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.
our cold, wet climate
arid
(of land or a climate) having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation.
hot and arid conditions
pollution
آلودگی
delicate
Adjective
1
very fine in texture or structure; of intricate workmanship or quality.
a spider’s web, strong yet delicate
2
easily broken or damaged; fragile.
delicate china
ظریف
adjust
وفق دادن، تنظیم کردن
phenomena
phenomenon ها
subject
Noun
1
a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with.
I’ve said all there is to be said on the subject
Adjective
1
likely or prone to be affected by (a particular condition or occurrence, typically an unwelcome or unpleasant one).
he was subject to bouts of manic depression
Adverb
1
conditionally upon.
subject to bankruptcy court approval, the company expects to begin liquidation of its inventory
Verb
1
cause or force to undergo (a particular experience of form of treatment).
he’d subjected her to a terrifying ordeal
fuel
سوخت
excess
اضافی
cultivate
Verb
1
prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening.
the peasants who cultivated the land became its owners
2
try to acquire or develop (a quality, sentiment, or skill).
he cultivated an air of indifference
کشت
irrigation
آبیاری
severe
شدید
necessitates
…
prior
existing or coming before in time, order, or importance.
he has a prior engagement this evening
extensive
گسترده
crop
a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable.
the main crops were oats and barley
tract
Noun
1
an area of indefinite extent, typically a large one.
large tracts of natural forest
2
a major passage in the body, large bundle of nerve fibers, or other continuous elongated anatomical structure or region.
the digestive tract
devoid
Adjective
1
entirely lacking or free from.
Lisa kept her voice devoid of emotion
susceptible
Adjective
1
likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.
patients with liver disease may be susceptible to infection
2
capable or admitting of.
the problem is not susceptible of a simple solution
livestock
Noun
1
farm animals regarded as an asset.
markets for the trading of livestock
dominant
Adjective
1
most important, powerful, or influential.
they are now in an even more dominant position in the market
trample
Verb
1
tread on and crush.
the fence had been trampled down
Noun LITERARY 1 an act or the sound of trampling. destruction's trample treads them down
pulverize
Verb
1
reduce to fine particles.
the brick of the villages was pulverized by the bombardment
chief
most important.
the chief reason for the spending cuts
delete
…
substitute
Noun
1
a person or thing acting or serving in place of another.
soy milk is used as a substitute for dairy milk
Verb
1
use or add in place of.
dried rosemary can be substituted for the fresh herb
conditioner
a substance or appliance used to improve or maintain something’s condition.
add a water conditioner to neutralize chlorine
nutrients
مواد مغذی
salinization
شورشدن
sink
فرورفتن
drainage system
سیستم زهکشی
evaporate
تبخیر شدن
tremendous
very great in amount, scale, or intensity.
Penny put in a tremendous amount of time
millennia
millennium ها
millennium
a period of a thousand years, especially when calculated from the traditional date of the birth of Christ.
silver first came into use on a substantial scale during the 3rd millennium BC
rigorously
با دقت
enforce
اجرا کردن
