TPO 32

Question 1

Colonization

Answer 1

the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.
Africa boasts a tradition of higher education institutions that predate Western colonization

Question 2

spore

Answer 2

هاگ

Question 3

plow

Answer 3

شخم زدن

Question 4

propagule

Answer 4

a vegetative structure that can become detached from a plant and give rise to a new plant, e.g. a bud, sucker, or spore.

Question 5

disperse

Answer 5

متفرق شدن

distribute or spread over a wide area.
storms can disperse seeds via high altitudes

Question 6

hemlock

Answer 6

hemlock

Question 7

band

Answer 7

a flat, thin strip or loop of material put around something, typically to hold it together or to decorate it.
wads of banknotes fastened with gummed paper bands

a stripe or elongated area of a different color, texture, or composition than its surroundings.
a long, narrow band of cloud

a group of people who have a common interest or purpose.
guerrilla bands

v

surround (an object) with something in the form of a strip or ring, typically for reinforcement or decoration.
doors are banded with iron to make them stronger

mark (something) with a stripe or stripes of a different color.
the bird’s bill is banded across the middle with black

(of people or organizations) form a group for a mutual purpose.
local people banded together to fight the company

Question 8

ameliorate

Answer 8

make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better.

the reform did much to ameliorate living standards

Question 9

displace

Answer 9

take over the place, position, or role of (someone or something).
in the northern states of India, Hindi has largely displaced English

Question 10

pension

Answer 10

a regular payment made during a person’s retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life.

v

dismiss someone from employment, typically because of age or ill health, and pay them a pension.
he was pensioned off from the army at the end of the war

Question 11

revenue

Answer 11

income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature.
traders have lost $10,000 in revenue since the traffic scheme was implemented

Question 12

entice

Answer 12

attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage.

a show that should entice a new audience into the theater

Question 13

district

Answer 13

an area of a country or city, especially one regarded as a distinct unit because of a particular characteristic.
an elegant shopping district

ناحیه

Question 14

post

Answer 14

a long, sturdy piece of timber or metal set upright in the ground and used to support something or as a marker.
follow the blue posts until the track meets a forestry road

a position of paid employment; a job.
he resigned from the post of Foreign Minister

a place where someone is on duty or where a particular activity is carried out.
a worker asleep at his post

Verb
1
display (a notice) in a public place.
a curt notice had been posted on the door

announce or publish (something, especially a financial result).
the company posted a $460,000 loss

send (someone) to a particular place to take up an appointment.
he was posted to Washington as military attaché

Preposition
1
subsequent to; after.
American poetry post the 1950s hasn’t had the same impact

Prefix
1
after in time or order.
postdate

Question 15

faraway

Answer 15

distant in space or time.

exotic and faraway locations

Question 16

patron

Answer 16

a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.
a celebrated patron of the arts

a customer, especially a regular one, of a store, restaurant, or theater.
we surveyed the plushness of the hotel and its sleek, well-dressed patrons

Question 17

attendant

Answer 17

a person employed to provide a service to the public in a particular place.
a flight attendant

2
a person who is present at an event, meeting, or function.
he had become a regular attendant at chapel

Adjective
1
occurring with or as a result of; accompanying.
the sea and its attendant attractions

Question 18

sever

Answer 18

divide by cutting or slicing, especially suddenly and forcibly.
the head was severed from the body

Question 19

census

Answer 19

an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.
population estimates extrapolated from the 1981 census

Question 20

plain

Answer 20

adj

not decorated or elaborate; simple or ordinary in character.
good plain food

(of a person) having no pretensions; not remarkable or special.
a plain, honest man with no nonsense about him

easy to perceive or understand; clear.
the advantages were plain to see

(of a person) not beautiful or attractive.
the dark-haired, rather plain woman

sheer; simple (used for emphasis).
the main problem is just plain exhaustion

Question 21

nowhere

Answer 21

not in or to any place; not anywhere.

plants and animals found nowhere else in the world

Question 22

settle

Answer 22

resolve or reach an agreement about (an argument or problem).
every effort was made to settle the dispute

pay (a debt or account).
his bill was settled by charge card

adopt a more steady or secure style of life, especially in a permanent job and home.
one day I will settle down and raise a family
4
sit or come to rest in a comfortable position.
he settled into an armchair

Question 23

consideration

Answer 23

careful thought, typically over a period of time.
a long process involving a great deal of careful consideration

a payment or reward.
you can buy the books for a small consideration

Question 24

render

Answer 24

provide or give (a service, help, etc.).
money serves as a reward for services rendered

cause to be or become; make.
the rains rendered his escape impossible

Question 25

bureaucrat

Answer 25

an official in a government department, in particular one perceived as being concerned with procedural correctness at the expense of people’s needs.
the unemployed will be dealt with not by faceless bureaucrats but by individuals

Question 26

intrude

Answer 26

put oneself deliberately into a place or situation where one is unwelcome or uninvited.
he had no right to intrude into their lives

Question 27

deed

Answer 27

سند

Question 28

fierce

Answer 28

1
having or displaying an intense or ferocious aggressiveness.
the tiger is the largest member of the cat family and a fierce predator

Question 29

ferocious

Answer 29

savagely fierce, cruel, or violent.

the wolverine is nature’s most ferocious and violent animal

Question 30

nectar

Answer 30

شهد

Question 31

singly

Answer 31

one at a time; separately or individually.

he talked to the players singly and in groups

Question 32

clump

Answer 32

a compacted mass or lump of something.
clumps of earth

form into a clump or mass.
the particles tend to clump together

Question 33

insight

Answer 33

the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing.
this paper is alive with sympathetic insight into Shakespeare

Question 34

prospective

Answer 34

(of a person) expected or expecting to be something particular in the future.
she showed a prospective buyer around the house

Question 35

pheromone

Answer 35

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.

Question 36

escalate

Answer 36

increase rapidly.

the price of tickets escalated

Question 37

protracted

Answer 37

1
lasting for a long time or longer than expected or usual.
a protracted and bitter dispute

Question 38

swarm

Answer 38

a large or dense group of insects, especially flying ones.
a swarm of locusts

Verb
1
(of insects) move in or form a swarm.
a plague of locusts swarmed across the countryside
2
move somewhere in large numbers.
protesters were swarming into the building

Question 39

grapple

Answer 39

engage in a close fight or struggle without weapons; wrestle.
passersby grappled with the man after the knife attack

Question 40

face off

Answer 40

: to be in or come into opposition or competition

politicians facing off against each other in a televised debate

Question 41

aerial

Answer 41

existing, happening, or operating in the air.

an aerial battle