TPO 32 Flashcards
Colonization
the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.
Africa boasts a tradition of higher education institutions that predate Western colonization
spore
هاگ
plow
شخم زدن
propagule
a vegetative structure that can become detached from a plant and give rise to a new plant, e.g. a bud, sucker, or spore.
disperse
متفرق شدن
distribute or spread over a wide area.
storms can disperse seeds via high altitudes
hemlock
hemlock
band
a flat, thin strip or loop of material put around something, typically to hold it together or to decorate it.
wads of banknotes fastened with gummed paper bands
a stripe or elongated area of a different color, texture, or composition than its surroundings.
a long, narrow band of cloud
a group of people who have a common interest or purpose.
guerrilla bands
v
surround (an object) with something in the form of a strip or ring, typically for reinforcement or decoration.
doors are banded with iron to make them stronger
mark (something) with a stripe or stripes of a different color.
the bird’s bill is banded across the middle with black
(of people or organizations) form a group for a mutual purpose.
local people banded together to fight the company
ameliorate
make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better.
the reform did much to ameliorate living standards
displace
take over the place, position, or role of (someone or something).
in the northern states of India, Hindi has largely displaced English
pension
a regular payment made during a person’s retirement from an investment fund to which that person or their employer has contributed during their working life.
v
dismiss someone from employment, typically because of age or ill health, and pay them a pension.
he was pensioned off from the army at the end of the war
revenue
income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature.
traders have lost $10,000 in revenue since the traffic scheme was implemented
entice
attract or tempt by offering pleasure or advantage.
a show that should entice a new audience into the theater
district
an area of a country or city, especially one regarded as a distinct unit because of a particular characteristic.
an elegant shopping district
ناحیه
post
a long, sturdy piece of timber or metal set upright in the ground and used to support something or as a marker.
follow the blue posts until the track meets a forestry road
a position of paid employment; a job.
he resigned from the post of Foreign Minister
a place where someone is on duty or where a particular activity is carried out.
a worker asleep at his post
Verb
1
display (a notice) in a public place.
a curt notice had been posted on the door
announce or publish (something, especially a financial result).
the company posted a $460,000 loss
send (someone) to a particular place to take up an appointment.
he was posted to Washington as military attaché
Preposition
1
subsequent to; after.
American poetry post the 1950s hasn’t had the same impact
Prefix
1
after in time or order.
postdate
faraway
distant in space or time.
exotic and faraway locations
patron
a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.
a celebrated patron of the arts
a customer, especially a regular one, of a store, restaurant, or theater.
we surveyed the plushness of the hotel and its sleek, well-dressed patrons
attendant
a person employed to provide a service to the public in a particular place.
a flight attendant
2
a person who is present at an event, meeting, or function.
he had become a regular attendant at chapel
Adjective
1
occurring with or as a result of; accompanying.
the sea and its attendant attractions
sever
divide by cutting or slicing, especially suddenly and forcibly.
the head was severed from the body
census
an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.
population estimates extrapolated from the 1981 census
plain
adj
not decorated or elaborate; simple or ordinary in character.
good plain food
(of a person) having no pretensions; not remarkable or special.
a plain, honest man with no nonsense about him
easy to perceive or understand; clear.
the advantages were plain to see
(of a person) not beautiful or attractive.
the dark-haired, rather plain woman
sheer; simple (used for emphasis).
the main problem is just plain exhaustion
nowhere
not in or to any place; not anywhere.
plants and animals found nowhere else in the world
settle
resolve or reach an agreement about (an argument or problem).
every effort was made to settle the dispute
pay (a debt or account).
his bill was settled by charge card
adopt a more steady or secure style of life, especially in a permanent job and home.
one day I will settle down and raise a family
4
sit or come to rest in a comfortable position.
he settled into an armchair
consideration
careful thought, typically over a period of time.
a long process involving a great deal of careful consideration
a payment or reward.
you can buy the books for a small consideration
render
provide or give (a service, help, etc.).
money serves as a reward for services rendered
cause to be or become; make.
the rains rendered his escape impossible
bureaucrat
an official in a government department, in particular one perceived as being concerned with procedural correctness at the expense of people’s needs.
the unemployed will be dealt with not by faceless bureaucrats but by individuals
intrude
put oneself deliberately into a place or situation where one is unwelcome or uninvited.
he had no right to intrude into their lives
deed
سند
fierce
1
having or displaying an intense or ferocious aggressiveness.
the tiger is the largest member of the cat family and a fierce predator
ferocious
savagely fierce, cruel, or violent.
the wolverine is nature’s most ferocious and violent animal
nectar
شهد
singly
one at a time; separately or individually.
he talked to the players singly and in groups
clump
a compacted mass or lump of something.
clumps of earth
form into a clump or mass.
the particles tend to clump together
insight
the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing.
this paper is alive with sympathetic insight into Shakespeare
prospective
(of a person) expected or expecting to be something particular in the future.
she showed a prospective buyer around the house
pheromone
a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal, especially a mammal or an insect, affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.
escalate
increase rapidly.
the price of tickets escalated
protracted
1
lasting for a long time or longer than expected or usual.
a protracted and bitter dispute
swarm
a large or dense group of insects, especially flying ones.
a swarm of locusts
Verb
1
(of insects) move in or form a swarm.
a plague of locusts swarmed across the countryside
2
move somewhere in large numbers.
protesters were swarming into the building
grapple
engage in a close fight or struggle without weapons; wrestle.
passersby grappled with the man after the knife attack
face off
: to be in or come into opposition or competition
politicians facing off against each other in a televised debate
aerial
existing, happening, or operating in the air.
an aerial battle
