TPO1 Flashcards
Groundwater
water that is below the ground
saturate
to put a lot of something into a particular place, especially so that you could not add any more
saturate something with something
By far
تا کنون
abundant
existing or available in large quantities; plentiful.
there was abundant evidence to support the theory
precipitation
rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground.
these convective processes produce cloud and precipitation
بارش
ته نشینی
meteoric water
Meteoric water is the water derived from precipitation (snow and rain).
meteor
a small body of matter from outer space that enters the earth’s atmosphere, becoming incandescent as a result of friction and appearing as a streak of light.
پدیده هوایی
ordinary
with no special or distinctive features; normal.
he sets out to depict ordinary people
soak
make or allow (something) to become thoroughly wet by immersing it in liquid.
soak the beans overnight in water
خیس خوردن
emerging
becoming apparent or prominent.
established and emerging artists
emerge
move out of or away from something and come into view.
black ravens emerged from the fog
At first thought
…
particle
a minute portion of matter.
tiny particles of dust
sand
شن
grain
دانه، غله
pebbles
سنگریزه
loose
not firmly or tightly fixed in place; detached or able to be detached.
a loose tooth
unconsolidated
make (something) physically stronger or more solid.
the first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls
Gravel
سنگ ریزه (و فک کنم کوچیکتر از
pebble)
bed
بستر
beneath
at a lower level or layer than.
beneath this floor there’s a cellar
soil
خاک
circulate
move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area.
rough
having an uneven or irregular surface; not smooth or level.
they had to carry the victim across the rough, stony ground
coarse
having a rough surface that feels slightly hard
sediment
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; dregs.
the ice freezes the wine and sediment at the base of the cork
flow
جریان
sheet
a large rectangular piece of cotton or other fabric, used on a bed to cover the mattress and as a layer beneath blankets when these are used.
steadily
in a regular and even manner.
the business has been growing steadily
melt
ذوب شدن
laden
heavily loaded or weighed down.
a tree laden with apples
glacial
relating to ice and glaciers, or formed by glaciers
outwash
material carried away from a glacier by meltwater and deposited beyond the moraine.
deposit
1
put or set down (something or someone) in a specific place, typically unceremoniously.
he deposited a pile of schoolbooks on the kitchen table
گذاشت
سپرده
though
به هر حال
fanwise
in the manner or position of the slats of an open fan
spread
open out (something) so as to extend its surface area, width, or length. I spread a towel on the sand and sat down
slope
a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another; a rising or falling surface.
drop
let or make (something) fall vertically.
lake
دریاچه
inland
situated in the interior of a country rather than on the coast.
the deserts of inland Australia
thick
with opposite sides or surfaces that are a great or relatively great distance apart.
lowland
low-lying country.
plain
a large area of flat land with few trees.
the coastal plain
spot
a particular place or point.
a nice secluded spot
overlie
lie on top of.
soft clays overlie the basalt
روی چیزی قرار گرفتن یا خوابیدن
buried
placed or hidden underground.
buried treasure
former
سابق
sandbar
a long, narrow sandbank, especially at the mouth of a river.
cement
سیمان
cemented
]گویا[
محکم شده
minute
[as verb]
extremely small.
among
در میان
plug
an obstruction blocking a hole, pipe, etc.
somewhere in the pipes there is a plug of ice blocking the flow
dissolve
(with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution.
glucose dissolves easily in water
percolate
(of a liquid or gas) filter gradually through a porous surface or substance.
the water percolating through the soil may leach out minerals
صاف کردن
form
فرم
porous
(of a rock or other material) having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.
Thus
as a result of something that you have just mentioned
proportion
a part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.
the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is rising
lava
hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this.
porosity
The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity
permeability
نفوذ پذیری
ease
absence of difficulty or effort.
she gave up smoking with ease
cavity
a hole or space inside something
crevice
a narrow opening or fissure, especially in a rock or wall.
many creatures hide in crevices in the rock
شکاف
drain
۱- (به تدریج آب چیزی را) خالیکردن، زیرآب زدن، کشیدن (آب
چیزی)، تهی ساختن، زهکشی کردن
suitable
مناسب
cling
hold on tightly to.
she clung to Joe’s arm
tension
کشش
drop
1
a small round or pear-shaped portion of liquid that hangs or falls or adheres to a surface.
the first drops of rain splashed on the ground
film
a very thin layer of liquid, powder etc on the surface of something
overcome
غلبه بر
firmly
with little possibility of movement; securely.
the door remained firmly shut
inferred
deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements.
absorb
جذب
valley
دره
surround
احاطه
drag
pull (someone or something) along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty.
we dragged the boat up the beach
emphasize
اهمیت دادن
essential
extremely important and necessary
indicate
نشان دادن
origin
اصل و نسب
seek
to try to achieve or get something
rely
اتکا کردن
primarily
mainly
در درجه اول
speculation
حدس و گمان
draw
pull or drag (something such as a vehicle) so as to make it follow behind.
a cart drawn by two horses
champion
support the cause of; defend.
priests who championed human rights
anthropologists
the scientific study of people, their societies, cultures etc
envision
imagine as a future possibility; visualize.
she envisioned the admiring glances of guests seeing her home
تجسم
myth
an idea or story that many people believe, but which is not true
ritual
a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to mark an important religious or social occasion
perceive
درک
stage
a point, period, or step in a process or development.
there is no need at this stage to give explicit details
become
begin to be.
aware
if you are aware that a situation exists, you realize or know that it exists
influence
the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself.
supply
an amount of something that is available to be used
attribute
1)
regard something as being caused by (someone or something).
he attributed the firm’s success to the efforts of the managing director
2)
a quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something.
flexibility and mobility are the key attributes of our army
desirable
wanted or wished for as being an attractive, useful, or necessary course of action.
occurence
an incident or event.
means
a way of doing or achieving something
favor
approval, support, or liking for someone or something.
the legislation is viewed with favor
apparent
easy to notice
certain
مسلم - قطعی
معلوم
some but not all.
refine
remove impurities or unwanted elements from (a substance), typically as part of an industrial process.
sugar was refined by boiling it in huge iron vats
پالودن
formalize
give (something) legal or formal status.
representive
typical of a class, group, or body of opinion.
these courses are representative of those taken by most Harvard undergraduates
نماینده
rite
a religious or other solemn ceremony or act.
the rite of communion
آیین، مراسم
celebrate
جشن گرفتن
accompany
go somewhere with (someone) as a companion or escort.
the two sisters were to accompany us to New York
companion
همراه و همدم
sophisticated
پیچیده
having, revealing, or proceeding from a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge of fashion and culture.
conception
دریافت، آبستنی
casual
relating to or acting as a cause.
abandon
رها کردن
modify
to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective
oral
spoken, not written
tradition
سنت
act
take action; do something.
they urged Washington to act
autonomous
an autonomous place or organization is free to govern or control itself
thereafter
بعد از آن
aesthetic
زیبایی شناسی
mystical
1
relating to mystics or religious mysticism.
efficacious
working in the way you intended
Storytelling
قصه گویی
propose
پیشنهاد دادن
relate
مربوط بودن
گزارش دادن
شرح دادن
pleasure
a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.
she smiled with pleasure at being praised
feat
an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength.
the new printing presses were considerable feats of engineering
شاهکار
elaborate
carefully planned and organized in great detail
با دقت شرح دادن
narrator
the person who tells the story in a book or a play
impersonate
o pretend to be someone else by copying their appearance, voice, and behaviour, especially in order to deceive people
eventually
در نهایت
assume
فرض کردن، به عهده گرفتن
evolve
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time
imitate
1
take or follow as a model.
his style was imitated by many other writers
تقلید کردن
admiration
تحسین
virtuosity
great skill in music or another artistic pursuit.
a performance of considerable virtuosity
grace
Noun
1
simple elegance or refinement of movement.
she moved through the water with effortless grace
2
courteous goodwill.
at least he has the grace to admit his debt to her
Verb
1
do honor or credit to (someone or something) by one’s presence.
she bowed out from the sport she has graced for two decades
motivation
the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.
escape can be a strong motivation for travel
انگیزه
performance
کارایی
اجرا
antecedent
someone or something existing or happening before, especially as the cause or origin of something existing or happening later:
۱- (از نظر ترتیب یا زمان یا منطق) مقدم، پیشتر، اسبق، پیشآیند،
سابق، قبلی
this ancient instrument is thought to be the antecedent of the piano
چنین فرض میشود که این ساز باستانی تطور یافته و تبدیل به پیانو
شده است.
scholar
a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university:
theorize
to develop a set of ideas about something
develop
۱- رشد یافتن یا دادن، توسعه یافتن یا دادن، گسترش دادن یا یافتن،
بالیدن، گستراندن، گوالیدن
valued
useful and important:
cease
to stop something
fulfill
to do something that is expected, hoped for, or promised, or to cause it to happen:
- انجام دادن ، به انجام رساندن، (به قول و غیره) عمل کردن، وفا
کردن، به پایان رساندن
I will fulfill my promise
قول خود را انجام خواهم داد.
function
the natural purpose (of something) or the duty (of a person):
fall back on
to use or do something else after other things have failed
forth
(from a place) out or away, or (from a point in time) forward
imitative
copying or following a model or example.
تقلیدی
gift
a present or something that is given:
encounter
a meeting, especially one that happens by chance:
رویارویی
fiction
- (هر چیزی که ساختهی تخیل و اندیشه است) چیز ساختگی، تخیلی،
غیر واقع، پندار، پندار گونه، پندارش، وانمود، وهم، چیز مجهول،
خیالپردازی
anxiety
an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or might happen in the future:
۱- نگرانی، دلواپسی، اضطراب، تشویش
confront
to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or person:
instinct
غریزه
penchant
a liking for, an enjoyment of, or a habit of doing something, especially something that other people might not like:
تمایل شدید، میل وافر، رغبت، علاقه، گرایش a penchant for art گرایش نسبت به هنر a penchant for criticism that often offended تمایل به انتقاد که غالبا موجب رنجش میشد
detached
۱- جدا (شده)، غیرمتصل، باز (شده)، باز از هم، مجزا
vision
an idea or mental image of something:
deviation
انحراف
ridiculous
stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at:
۱- مسخره، خندهدار، مضحک ۲- مسخره آمیز، استهزا آمیز ۳-
چرند، مزخرف، بسیار بد
threat
تهدید
welfare
the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
they don’t give a damn about the welfare of their families
۱- رفاه، بهروزی، بهزیستی، آسایش
retain
to keep or continue to have something:
debate
serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part:
ascribe
to believe or claim that something was said, written, or created by a particular person:
ابسته دانستن، نسبت دادن، اسناد کردن
it is wrong to ascribe all our problems to the war
contrast
an obvious difference between two or more things:
hypothetical
1
of, based on, or serving as a hypothesis.
that option is merely hypothetical at this juncture
factual
۱- وابسته به یا دارای واقعیات، راستین بنیاد، راستینی، راستین،
واقعی، حقیقی
the factual aspects of this case
جنبههای واقعی این قضیه
upon
- روی، بر، بر روی، برفراز I jumped upon the horse پریدم روی اسب. a house built upon a hill خانهای که برفراز تپهای ساخته شده است intense sadness fell upon me again حزن شدید دوباره بر من مستولی شد. ۲- نزدیک، مجاور summer holidays are upon us تعطیلات تابستان نزدیک است. the enemy is upon us دشمن به ما نزدیک است. ۳- به upon my honor! به شرفم قسم! suddenly we came upon a corpse ناگهان به یک نعش برخوردیم. to hit upon a solution به راه حل رسیدن ۴- در upon the first opportunity در اولین فرصت the enchantment of the scenery is still upon me اثر سحرآمیز آن منظره هنوز در من وجود دارد. ۵- پس از، متعاقب، پیرو، بعداز invitations will be sent only upon written request دعوتنامهها فقط پس از دریافت درخواست کتبی ارسال خواهد شد. upon Bijhan's death, she married Jallal پس از مرگ بیژن او با جلال ازدواج کرد. upon the receipt of this letter ... پیرو دریافت این نامه ... ۶- دربارهی، مربوط به ۷- به سوی ۸- طبق، بنابر
prosperity
- رونق، شکوفایی، سامان، بهروزی
good management caused the restaurants prosperity
مدیریت خوب موجب رونق رستوران شد.
phenomenon
پدیده
something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesting:
compromise
an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their demands or change their opinion in order to agree:
۱- مصالحه، سازش، مدارا، میانگیری، توافق، کدخدامنشی، حد وسط،
بینابین
timberline
(در مناطق سرد و کوهستانی) خط مفروضی که بالای آن هیچ درختی رشد نمیکند
vegetation
plants in general
transition
transition from something to something
tundra
the large flat areas of land in the north of Russia, Canada etc, where it is very cold and there are no trees
dramatic
great and sudden
within
- در، درون، داخل، تو India is a continent within a continent هندوستان اقلیمی است در اقلیم دیگر. within the doors توی اتاق (یا ساختمان) it is cold within and without درون و بیرونش سرد است. ۲- در درون، در داخل، درونا there are spies within the organization در درون سازمان جاسوس وجود دارد. she was outwardly calm but raging within او ظاهرا آرام بود ولی خشم در درونش زبانه میکشید. his heart sank within him قلبش فرو ریخت. the water is stored within the soil آب در درون خاک ذخیره میشود. within the country در داخل کشور it's raining outside; come within در خارج دارد باران میآید بیا داخل (ساختمان). ۳- (در) جوف، (به) ضمیمه، (در) ذیل، (در) اینجا، (در) زیر the persons within named اشخاصی که نام آنها در زیر آمده است. the within complaint شکایت نامهی جوف ۴- (در) کمتر از، در ظرف (در)حدود، تا، در محدودهی within the law در محدودهی قانون Abbas died within a year of his wife's death عباس کمتر از یک سال پس از مرگ زنش فوت کرد. to live within one's income به اندازهی درآمد خود خرج کردن he came within two meters of the snake او تا دو متری مار جلو آمد. ۵- در معرض، در تیررس، در... within reach در دسترس within hearing در فاصلهی قابل شنیدن
vertical
عمودی
life form
a living thing such as a plant or animal
shrub
بوته
herb
۱- (هر گیاهی که فقط یک سال دوام دارد) گیاه یکساله ۲- گیاه
دارویی، گیاه ادویهای، گیاه چاشنی، گیاه معطر، داروگیا، گیا
she still believes in medicinal herbs
او هنوز هم به داروهای گیاهی اعتقاد دارد.
this food has been cooked with different herbs and spices
این خوراک را با گیاهان و ادویهی گوناگون پختهاند.
herb tea
چای گیاهی (جوشانده)
۳- علف، رویش گیاهی، واس، واش، سبزه، چرامین
under my foot the herbs were dry
در زیر پایم علفها خشک بودند.
rapid
- تند، سریع، تندرو، تیزگام، تیز تاز
pass
to come up to a particular place, person, or object and go past them
steppe
a large area of land without trees, especially in Russia, Asia, and eastern Europe
edge
کنار، لبه، نبش، کناره
moisture
رطوبت، نم
snowline
(در کوهها - خطی که در بالای آن همیشه برف وجود دارد) برف مرز
tropic
the parallel of latitude 23°26ʹ north (tropic of Cancer) or south (tropic of Capricorn) of the equator.
subtropics
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographic and climate zones located to the north and south of the tropical zone.
moist
۱- نم کشیده، نمدار، مرطوب، (کمی) تر، (کمی) خیس
evergreens
همیشه سبز
deciduous trees
درختان برگریز
extreme
furthest from the center or a given point; outermost.
the extreme northwest of Scotland
broadleaf
پهن برگ
Species
گونه ها
birch
توس(درخت)
twist
form into a bent, curling, or distorted shape.
a strip of metal is twisted to form a hollow tube
پیچ - پیچیدن
particularly
به ویژه
attain
succeed in achieving (something that one desires and has worked for).
clarify your objectives and ways of attaining them
ridge
A ridge or a mountain ridge is a geographical feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance
whereas
in contrast or comparison with the fact that.
you treat the matter lightly, whereas I myself was never more serious
در حالیکه
expose
در معرض گذاشتن
make (something) visible by uncovering it.
at low tide the sands are exposed
reveal the true, objectionable nature of (someone or something).
he has been exposed as a liar and a traitor
favorable
expressing approval.
the book received highly favorable reviews
prone
likely to or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something, typically something regrettable or unwelcome.
years of logging had left the mountains prone to mudslides
frost
a deposit of small white ice crystals formed on the ground or other surfaces when the temperature falls below freezing.
the lanes were glistening with frost
cessation
توقف
1
the fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
the cessation of hostilities
smother
kill (someone) by covering their nose and mouth so that they suffocate.
خفه کردن
avalanche
بهمن
snow creep
Snow Creep is a continuous, extremely slow, downhill movement of a layer of snow. Snow Creep is a continuous, extremely slow, downhill movement of a layer of snow.
creep
خزیدن
move slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed.
he crept downstairs, hardly making any noise
late lying snow
Late-lying snow is snow that persists and remains even after winter has ended and, in some areas, it persists into the summer depending on factors such as altitude; for example, in high mountainous regions
presist
continue firmly or obstinately in an opinion or a course of action in spite of difficulty, opposition, or failure.
the minority of drivers who persist in drinking
velocity
سرعت
increase
افزایش یافتن
presence
حضور
1
the state or fact of existing, occurring, or being present in a place or thing.
the presence of chlorine in the atmosphere
ultraviolet
ماورابنفش
elevation
ارتفاغ
browse
survey goods for sale in a leisurely and casual way.
he stopped to browse around a sporting goods store
Synonyms:
look around have a look window-shop peruse
2
(of an animal) feed on leaves, twigs, or other high-growing vegetation.
they reach upward to browse on bushes
graze
چراندن
ibex
بزکوهی
shoot
شاخه
bud
جوانه
mature
بالغ
Above
بالا
adjacent
مجاور
fairly
with justice.
he could not fairly be accused of wasting police time
to quite a high degree.
I was fairly certain she had nothing to do with the affair
diversity
تنوع
bare
لخت
occasional
گاه به گاه
moss
خزه
lichen
گلسنگ
prostrate
lying stretched out on the ground with one’s face downward.
BOTANY
growing along the ground.
“mats of prostrate herbs can be used to break up expanses of soil”
cushion
کوسن
habitat
زیستگاه
snowdrift
a bank of deep snow heaped up by the wind.
striking
قابل توجه، برجسته، موثر
characteristic
ویژگی
rigor
MEDICINE
a sudden feeling of cold with shivering accompanied by a rise in temperature, often with copious sweating, especially at the onset or height of a fever.
2
the quality of being extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate.
his analysis is lacking in rigor
crucial
حیاتی
insulate
عایق بندی کردن
equatorial
استوایی
prevalent
widespread in a particular area or at a particular time.
the social ills prevalent in society today
