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Biology + Microbiology > Toxins > Flashcards

Toxins Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of toxins?

A

Target specific cells in an organism, punching holes in their membranes, or modifying intracellular components

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2
Q

What is toxigenesis?

A

The ability to produce toxins

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3
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Structural components of bacteria

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4
Q

Where are endotoxins located?

A

On the cell envelope, on the outside surface of bacteria

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5
Q

What are lipopolysaccharides?

A

Large molecules that are a vital component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

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6
Q

What recognises forign molecules and alerts the immune system?

A

Patternn recognition receptors

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7
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Usually proteins secreted by bacteria and stimulate host responses

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8
Q

Are toxins major contributors to disease?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What do enterotoxin, neurotoxin and hemolysin describe?

A

The targets of bacterial exotoxins

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10
Q

What are some common activities for exotoxins?

A

Degrading host membranes and forming pores in host membranes

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11
Q

What are the two subunits of toxins?

A

A and B

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12
Q

What is the subunit A?

A

Active
Has the toxic activity

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13
Q

What is the subunit B?

A

Binding
Binds to host cells

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14
Q

Does the A subunit act before subunit B?

A

Yes, the A part is delivered to the host cell through interactions between host cell and the B part

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15
Q

Where is AB toxin secreted from?

A

Bacterial cell

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16
Q

Where does B toxin bind to?

A

A specific receptor of host cell

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17
Q

Where is A toxin transferred?

A

Across host membrane into the host cell

18
Q

What is A toxin able to do once in the host cell?

A

Interfere with normal cell function

19
Q

What is diphtheria?

A

Thick coating at the back of the throat

20
Q

What can diphtheria lead to?

A

Difficulty breathing
Paralysis
Death

21
Q

What does diphtheria toxin cause?

A

A block of protein synthesis in the host

22
Q

How much of diphtheria toxin is enough to kill a cell?

A

A single molecule

23
Q

What is the mortality rate of diphtheria in the young?

A

High

24
Q

Why is diphtheria morality in the young high?

A

The destruction of tissues in vital organs due to the blockage of protein synthesis

25
Q

What does the AB diphtheria toxin bind to?

A

The Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor to gain entry into the host cell

26
Q

What are enterotoxins?

A

Exotoxins that act on enterocytes

27
Q

What do shiga and shiga-like toxind target?

A

Cells in the small intestine to shut down protwin synthesis

28
Q

What is Cholera?

A

A waterborne infection with vibrio cholerae

29
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera?

A

Massive fluid loss
Life threatning dehydration

30
Q

What AB toxin affects several regulatory changes within cells?

A

Cholera toxin

31
Q

What are botulinum and tetanus toxins produced by?

A

Clostridium botulinum and clostridium teteni

32
Q

What is an endospore?

A

Forming soil bacteria

33
Q

What do neurological toxins involve?

A

The secretion of AB exotoxins that function at neurotoxins

34
Q

Where does C.botulinum grow?

A

Directly in the intestine or in contaminated preserved foods

35
Q

How can C.botulinum be produced?

A

In the body or ingested if present in foods

36
Q

What does botulinum toxin prevent when acting at the motor end plate?

A

Prevents acetylcholine release from vesicles

37
Q

What toxin causes a lack of stimulus to the muscle fibres, irreversible relaxation of the musces and prevents contraction?

A

C.botulinum

38
Q

What stops acetylcholine release at the junction?

A

Glycine released from inhibitory neurons

39
Q

Where does C.tetani grow?

A

In deep puncture wounds

40
Q

Why does tetanus toxin bind?

A

To prevent release of glycine from the inhibitory neuron

41
Q

What causes constant excitation of the muscles, uncontrolled contraction and spastic paralysis?

A

Tetanus

Biology + Microbiology (19 decks)

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