Proteins

Question 1

What are the building blocks for proteins?

Answer 1

Amino acids

Question 2

What are proteins made of?

Answer 2

Polymers built from monomers

Question 3

What are monomers?

Answer 3

Amino acids

Question 4

Do amino acids store excess amino acids for later use like fat and carbohydrates?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

What are proteins essential for?

Answer 5

Cell function
Enzymes
Structural
Transport
Movement
Defence
Surface Receptors
Carriers

Question 6

What are the five basic parts of amino acids?

Answer 6

1. Central carbon - alpha
2. A hydrogen atom
3. An amino acid group
4. A carbonyl group
5. An R group - side chain

Question 7

What is different in each amino acid?

Answer 7

The R group

Question 8

What two sterioisomers does amino acids (not glycine) exist as?

Answer 8

L-form and D-form

Question 9

What determines the isometric shape?

Answer 9

The distribution of atoms around the central carbon atom

Question 10

What isomer is amino acids found?

Answer 10

L-form

Question 11

What gives amino acids different physiochemical properties?

Answer 11

Different R groups

Question 12

Can some amino acids ionize to carry negative or positive charges?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

Does the polarity of an amino acid influence how it interacts with water?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What is the meaning of polar?

Answer 14

Two parts with opposite charges
Water loving
Hydrophilic

Question 15

What is the meaning of nonpolar?

Answer 15

No opposing charges
Water hating
Hydrophobic

Question 16

What do amino acids (monomers) join together to form?

Answer 16

Polymers

Question 17

What reaction is a molecule of water lost in?

Answer 17

A condensation reaction

Question 18

A peptide bond is the strongest form of what bond?

Answer 18

A covalent bond

Question 19

What forms when two amino acids joined together?

Answer 19

A dipeptide

Question 20

What forms when many amino acids are joined together?

Answer 20

A polypeptide

Question 21

Where does the bond form?

Answer 21

Between the carboxy group of one amino acid and the amino group from another amino acid

Question 22

What are the four levels of a protein structure?

Answer 22

1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary

Question 23

What is the definition of a primary protein structure?

Answer 23

The sequence of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds
It is the primary structure of a protein

Question 24

What is a secondary protein structure?

Answer 24

An alpha helix
A beta pleated sheet
Random coil
Htydrogen bonding betwenn carbonyl group of one amino acid and amino group of another

Question 25

Where is the secondary protein structure found?

Answer 25

Myosin in muscle Keratin in hair and nails

Question 26

Does large R groups cause the helix to be stable or unstable?

Answer 26

Unstable

Question 27

What are some globular protein structures?

Answer 27

Myoglobin - iron and oxygen binding protein found in muscle tissue Haemoglobin - iron and oxygen binding protein in blood Triose phosphate isomerase - catalyses coversion of triose phosphate isomers 20s proteasome - degrade unneeded or damage proteins by proteolysis

Question 28

Is the beta pleated sheet more extended than the alpha helix?

Answer 28

Yes

Question 29

What is made by silkworms and spiders?

Answer 29

Silk Fibroin

Question 30

What is formation of silk fibroin?

Answer 30

Array of antiparrallel beta pleated sheets Each beta strand has alterning Glycine and Ala or Ser residues

Question 31

How are beta sheets connected?

Answer 31

The beta turn

Question 32

What does the beta turn consist of?

Answer 32

Four amino acid residues

Question 33

How is the beta turn stabalised?

Answer 33

By hydrogen bonding between Carbonyl oxygen of the first residue and the amide hydrogen of the fourth residue

Question 34

What is also part of the beta turn?

Answer 34

Glycine and Proline

Question 35

What is the structure of loops and coils?

Answer 35

Disordered and flexible

Question 36

What do coils and loops connect?

Answer 36

Secondary structure elements

Question 37

Is there a common pattern in loops and coils?

Answer 37

No Not like beta turns

Question 38

What group are tertiary structures involved in?

Answer 38

R groups Side chains

Question 39

What are valine side chains?

Answer 39

Hydrophobic side chains

Question 40

What is an example of hydrogen bonds between groups in side chains?

Answer 40

Serine

Question 41

Can ionic charged side chains form ionic bonds?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

What bonds can sulphur containing grouos form?

Answer 42

Covalent bonds

Question 43

What are prions?

Answer 43

Misfolded proteins which are found in several fatal neurodivergent diseases