Human Microbiome 1

Question 1

What is microbiota?

Answer 1

The microorganisms of a particular site, habitat, or geological period

Question 2

What is microbiome?

Answer 2

The combined genetic material of the microorganisms in a particular environment

Question 3

Is the microbiota of the skin different to the microbiota of the gut?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

What are microbiomics?

Answer 4

Are various disciplines in biology whose names end in -omics, such as genomics, proteomics, metabolics

Question 5

How mnay human cells are in the body?

Answer 5

30

Question 6

How mnay microbial cells are in the body?

Answer 6

39

Question 7

What is considered a host-microbiome supraorganism?

Answer 7

The human microbiome

Question 8

How many microbes are in the human body?

Answer 8

39 trillion

Question 9

What are the benifits of knowing a persons microbiome?

Answer 9

Biomarkers for predicting predisposition to disease
Design of therapies targetting selected microbial species
Personalised drug therapies
Tailor made probiotics

Question 10

What are the negatives to culture based techniques?

Answer 10

Only a subset of organisms grow in lab conditions
Slow
Old fashioned
Viable but non culturable organisms

Question 11

What are the positives to culture based techniques?

Answer 11

Cheap
Easy
Quantative and qualitive infomation
Bacteria isolated in pure culture

Question 12

What are the negatives to culture independent techniques?

Answer 12

Expensive and technically complex
Specialist equiptment
Training and computing skills
Organisms not isolated in pure cultures

Question 13

What are the positives to culture independent techniques?

Answer 13

Captures all organisms present
Includes those that dont grow in the lab
High throughout
New
Fast

Question 14

What technique can microbial communities be studied by looking at their DNA and doesn’t require cultureing?

Answer 14

Nucleic Acid sequencing

Question 15

What is metagenomics?

Answer 15

The analysis of pooled DNA or RNA from an environment

Question 16

What is meant by the genome?

Answer 16

Total gene content of an organism

Question 17

What is meant by metagenome?

Answer 17

The total gene content of a microbial community

Question 18

What is meant by metagenomics?

Answer 18

Functional characterisation of the entire microbime

Question 19

Is DNA of the entire community sequenced directly?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What sequencing has been used to mapp human microbiota?

Answer 20

16s rRNA sequencing

Question 21

What is it meant by the structure of a microbial community?

Answer 21

A catalogue of whichh microbes are present
Relative abundance of each

Question 22

What is sequencing of the 16s gene?

Answer 22

Culture independent method
No cultivation required
Like a barcode for each bacteri
RNA component of the small ribosomal subunit
Coserved in all bacteria

Question 23

Where do most human microbed reside in?

Answer 23

The large intestine

Question 24

Where do the majority of human microbed belong to?

Answer 24

Two two phylogenetic groups of bacteria

Question 25

Why do we want to study the microbiome?

Answer 25

Important in maintaining human health, can contribute to disease
Understand the mix of microbes on and within us
To know what is healthy, what is present and what are the microbes doing

Question 26

What do micobiomes do?

Answer 26

Functional potential

Question 27

What can 16s tell us?

Answer 27

Who is there and how many

Question 28

What are the problems of 16s sequencing?

Answer 28

OTU identified belonging to E.coli
OTU identified belonging to P.acnes

Question 29

What do metatranscriptomics do?

Answer 29

Measure which genes are being expressed at a specific point or under certain conditions

Question 30

What are RNA transcripts conterted to?

Answer 30

cDNA

Question 31

What and why do metatranscriptomics comoare with?

Answer 31

Metagenome to see which potential functions are actually expressed