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Biology + Microbiology > Health & Disease > Flashcards

Health & Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the stomach microbiome?

A

Previously thought to be sterile due to the pH, but has a vibrant community

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2
Q

What is gastric fluid?

A

Firmicutes, Bacteroideted and Actinobacteria

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3
Q

What are gastric mucosa?

A

Firmicutes and Proteobacteria more abundant

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4
Q

Duodenum is where in the body?

A

The small intestine

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5
Q

What is Duodenum?

A

Adjacent to the stomach
Fairly acidic
Microbiota resembles the stomach

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6
Q

Is the pH in the small intestine more or less then the stomach?

A

Less but more anoxic

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7
Q

What bacteria is present in the small intestine and attached to the wall at one end?

A

Fusiform

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8
Q

Why must microbiota of the small intestine compete with the host?

A

For rapid uptake of small carbohydrates

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9
Q

What microbiota is in the large intestine?

A

Colon

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10
Q

What is colon?

A

Enormous number os bacteria and lareg numbers of archaea

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11
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

A large fermentation vessel, microbes use nutrients from the digested food

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12
Q

What is present in theblarge intestine in small numbers and consume remaining oxygen?

A

Faculative aerobes

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13
Q

What is not a signifiacant gut bacterium?

A

E. coli

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14
Q

What are the three major major bacteria phyla?

A

Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
Proteobacteria

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15
Q

What phyla dominates?

A

F and B

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16
Q

Are bacteriodetes gram negative and non sporulating rods?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What do bacteriodetes do?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
Ecode many enzymes not encoded by the human genome

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18
Q

Are Firmicutes gram negative or positive?

A

Gram positive

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19
Q

What are firmicutes active in?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

20
Q

What do germ-free organisms show?

A

Vitamin deficiencies
Increased susceptibility to infectious disease
Poorly developed immune systems
Lack of antibodies to bacterial infection

21
Q

What does colonization resistance show us?

A

The presence of microbiota that protects the host from colonisation by pathogenic microbes

22
Q

What are colonization resistance?

A

The combination of short fatty acid production, direct competition for nutrients and immunologic effects on the host

23
Q

What does skin bacteria produce?

A

Fatty acids

24
Q

What does gut bacteria release?

A

Antibacterial agents and metabolic waste to help prevent establishement of other species

25
Q

What are three examples of short chain fatty acids?

A

Butyrate, Propionate and acetate

26
Q

What is butyrate?

A

Main energy source for human colonocytes
Can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells
Can activate gluconeogenesis (energy homeostasis)

27
Q

What is propionate?

A

Transferred to the liver
Regualates gluconeogenesis and regulates satiety signals in the gut through interaction with fatty acid receptors

28
Q

What are actetates?

A

Most abundant
Essential for the growth of other bacteria
Used in cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis, appetite regulation

29
Q

What is the gut-brain axis?

A

The interactions between the gut microbiota and the host brain are gaining attention

30
Q

What disorder is gut dybiosis associated with?

A

Autisum spectrum disorder

31
Q

What is maternal immune activation (MIA)?

A

Caused by viral infection, leads to elevated inflammatory factors in the blood
Can cause child developing autism

32
Q

What are the harmful effects of the microbiome?

A

Disease can reault if there is an imbalence in the microbiome, and the noemal, healthy flora is disturbed

33
Q

What is the reasons that disease can result?

A

Loss of the benificial effects we’ve already covered
Gain of flora with harmful effects

34
Q

What are the diadvantages of taking antibiotics?

A

Has unintended effects on the normal microbiota

35
Q

What can happens if antibiotics are introduced early in life?

A

May effect the developing microbiota, immune system
Can cause weight gain

36
Q

What is the C. diff infection?

A

Common cause of hospital acquired diarrhoea
Easily spreads to others
Emergence of extermely virulent, toxigenic, anitbiotic resistant strains

37
Q

What are the symptoms of C. diff?

A

Mild diarrhoea
Inflammotary lesions
Bowel perforation
Septic shock
Death

38
Q

Is C. diff gram positive or negative, an aerobe or anaerobe and is it a spore former?

A

Gram positive
Anaerobe
A spore former

39
Q

What is the treatment for C. diff?

A

Transplanting intact microbial community from a healthy person to one with a microbiota associated disease

40
Q

What is dietry fibre?

A

Broken down to VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) by the microbiota

41
Q

What do volatile fatty acids do?

A

Are absorbed by the host and contribute 10& to our daily energy requirement

42
Q

The efficiency of conversion of fermenatble substrates is inreased by what?

A

Methanogens which consume molecular hydrogen

43
Q

What does H2 removal stimulate?

A

Fermentation making more fermentation products available for host absorption

44
Q

The treatment of C. diff antibiotics are developed to target what?

A

The pathogen and limit effexts on the rest of the microbiota

45
Q

What are the positives to bacteriophage therapy?

A

Minimal effect on the microbiota
Viruses that target and kill bacteria
Can be developed to target specific pathogens

46
Q

What do probiotics do?

A

Replace missing elements of the microbiota
Predates recent attention to the microbiome

47
Q

What are prebiotics?

A

Chemicals
Not organsisms
Non digestable carbohydrates that are meant to be metabolised by specific microbes to foster their own growth

Biology + Microbiology (21 decks)

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