Health & Disease

Question 1

What is the stomach microbiome?

Answer 1

Previously thought to be sterile due to the pH, but has a vibrant community

Question 2

What is gastric fluid?

Answer 2

Firmicutes, Bacteroideted and Actinobacteria

Question 3

What are gastric mucosa?

Answer 3

Firmicutes and Proteobacteria more abundant

Question 4

Duodenum is where in the body?

Answer 4

The small intestine

Question 5

What is Duodenum?

Answer 5

Adjacent to the stomach
Fairly acidic
Microbiota resembles the stomach

Question 6

Is the pH in the small intestine more or less then the stomach?

Answer 6

Less but more anoxic

Question 7

What bacteria is present in the small intestine and attached to the wall at one end?

Answer 7

Fusiform

Question 8

Why must microbiota of the small intestine compete with the host?

Answer 8

For rapid uptake of small carbohydrates

Question 9

What microbiota is in the large intestine?

Answer 9

Colon

Question 10

What is colon?

Answer 10

Enormous number os bacteria and lareg numbers of archaea

Question 11

What is the large intestine?

Answer 11

A large fermentation vessel, microbes use nutrients from the digested food

Question 12

What is present in theblarge intestine in small numbers and consume remaining oxygen?

Answer 12

Faculative aerobes

Question 13

What is not a signifiacant gut bacterium?

Answer 13

E. coli

Question 14

What are the three major major bacteria phyla?

Answer 14

Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
Proteobacteria

Question 15

What phyla dominates?

Answer 15

F and B

Question 16

Are bacteriodetes gram negative and non sporulating rods?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What do bacteriodetes do?

Answer 17

Carbohydrate metabolism
Ecode many enzymes not encoded by the human genome

Question 18

Are Firmicutes gram negative or positive?

Answer 18

Gram positive

Question 19

What are firmicutes active in?

Answer 19

Carbohydrate metabolism

Question 20

What do germ-free organisms show?

Answer 20

Vitamin deficiencies
Increased susceptibility to infectious disease
Poorly developed immune systems
Lack of antibodies to bacterial infection

Question 21

What does colonization resistance show us?

Answer 21

The presence of microbiota that protects the host from colonisation by pathogenic microbes

Question 22

What are colonization resistance?

Answer 22

The combination of short fatty acid production, direct competition for nutrients and immunologic effects on the host

Question 23

What does skin bacteria produce?

Answer 23

Fatty acids

Question 24

What does gut bacteria release?

Answer 24

Antibacterial agents and metabolic waste to help prevent establishement of other species

Question 25

What are three examples of short chain fatty acids?

Answer 25

Butyrate, Propionate and acetate

Question 26

What is butyrate?

Answer 26

Main energy source for human colonocytes Can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells Can activate gluconeogenesis (energy homeostasis)

Question 27

What is propionate?

Answer 27

Transferred to the liver Regualates gluconeogenesis and regulates satiety signals in the gut through interaction with fatty acid receptors

Question 28

What are actetates?

Answer 28

Most abundant Essential for the growth of other bacteria Used in cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis, appetite regulation

Question 29

What is the gut-brain axis?

Answer 29

The interactions between the gut microbiota and the host brain are gaining attention

Question 30

What disorder is gut dybiosis associated with?

Answer 30

Autisum spectrum disorder

Question 31

What is maternal immune activation (MIA)?

Answer 31

Caused by viral infection, leads to elevated inflammatory factors in the blood Can cause child developing autism

Question 32

What are the harmful effects of the microbiome?

Answer 32

Disease can reault if there is an imbalence in the microbiome, and the noemal, healthy flora is disturbed

Question 33

What is the reasons that disease can result?

Answer 33

Loss of the benificial effects we've already covered Gain of flora with harmful effects

Question 34

What are the diadvantages of taking antibiotics?

Answer 34

Has unintended effects on the normal microbiota

Question 35

What can happens if antibiotics are introduced early in life?

Answer 35

May effect the developing microbiota, immune system Can cause weight gain

Question 36

What is the C. diff infection?

Answer 36

Common cause of hospital acquired diarrhoea Easily spreads to others Emergence of extermely virulent, toxigenic, anitbiotic resistant strains

Question 37

What are the symptoms of C. diff?

Answer 37

Mild diarrhoea Inflammotary lesions Bowel perforation Septic shock Death

Question 38

Is C. diff gram positive or negative, an aerobe or anaerobe and is it a spore former?

Answer 38

Gram positive Anaerobe A spore former

Question 39

What is the treatment for C. diff?

Answer 39

Transplanting intact microbial community from a healthy person to one with a microbiota associated disease

Question 40

What is dietry fibre?

Answer 40

Broken down to VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) by the microbiota

Question 41

What do volatile fatty acids do?

Answer 41

Are absorbed by the host and contribute 10& to our daily energy requirement

Question 42

The efficiency of conversion of fermenatble substrates is inreased by what?

Answer 42

Methanogens which consume molecular hydrogen

Question 43

What does H2 removal stimulate?

Answer 43

Fermentation making more fermentation products available for host absorption

Question 44

The treatment of C. diff antibiotics are developed to target what?

Answer 44

The pathogen and limit effexts on the rest of the microbiota

Question 45

What are the positives to bacteriophage therapy?

Answer 45

Minimal effect on the microbiota Viruses that target and kill bacteria Can be developed to target specific pathogens

Question 46

What do probiotics do?

Answer 46

Replace missing elements of the microbiota Predates recent attention to the microbiome

Question 47

What are prebiotics?

Answer 47

Chemicals Not organsisms Non digestable carbohydrates that are meant to be metabolised by specific microbes to foster their own growth