Health & Disease Flashcards by Laci Morrell

What is the stomach microbiome?

Previously thought to be sterile due to the pH, but has a vibrant community

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What is gastric fluid?

Firmicutes, Bacteroideted and Actinobacteria

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What are gastric mucosa?

Firmicutes and Proteobacteria more abundant

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Duodenum is where in the body?

The small intestine

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What is Duodenum?

Adjacent to the stomach
Fairly acidic
Microbiota resembles the stomach

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Is the pH in the small intestine more or less then the stomach?

Less but more anoxic

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What bacteria is present in the small intestine and attached to the wall at one end?

Fusiform

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Why must microbiota of the small intestine compete with the host?

For rapid uptake of small carbohydrates

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What microbiota is in the large intestine?

Colon

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What is colon?

Enormous number os bacteria and lareg numbers of archaea

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What is the large intestine?

A large fermentation vessel, microbes use nutrients from the digested food

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What is present in theblarge intestine in small numbers and consume remaining oxygen?

Faculative aerobes

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What is not a signifiacant gut bacterium?

E. coli

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What are the three major major bacteria phyla?

Firmicutes
Bacteroidetes
Proteobacteria

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What phyla dominates?

F and B

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Are bacteriodetes gram negative and non sporulating rods?

Yes

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What do bacteriodetes do?

Carbohydrate metabolism
Ecode many enzymes not encoded by the human genome

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Are Firmicutes gram negative or positive?

Gram positive

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What are firmicutes active in?

Carbohydrate metabolism

What do germ-free organisms show?

Vitamin deficiencies
Increased susceptibility to infectious disease
Poorly developed immune systems
Lack of antibodies to bacterial infection

What does colonization resistance show us?

The presence of microbiota that protects the host from colonisation by pathogenic microbes

What are colonization resistance?

The combination of short fatty acid production, direct competition for nutrients and immunologic effects on the host

What does skin bacteria produce?

Fatty acids

What does gut bacteria release?

Antibacterial agents and metabolic waste to help prevent establishement of other species

What are three examples of short chain fatty acids?

Butyrate, Propionate and acetate

What is butyrate?

Main energy source for human colonocytes Can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells Can activate gluconeogenesis (energy homeostasis)

What is propionate?

Transferred to the liver Regualates gluconeogenesis and regulates satiety signals in the gut through interaction with fatty acid receptors

What are actetates?

Most abundant Essential for the growth of other bacteria Used in cholesterol metabolism and lipogenesis, appetite regulation

What is the gut-brain axis?

The interactions between the gut microbiota and the host brain are gaining attention

What disorder is gut dybiosis associated with?

Autisum spectrum disorder

What is maternal immune activation (MIA)?

Caused by viral infection, leads to elevated inflammatory factors in the blood Can cause child developing autism

What are the harmful effects of the microbiome?

Disease can reault if there is an imbalence in the microbiome, and the noemal, healthy flora is disturbed

What is the reasons that disease can result?

Loss of the benificial effects we've already covered Gain of flora with harmful effects

What are the diadvantages of taking antibiotics?

Has unintended effects on the normal microbiota

What can happens if antibiotics are introduced early in life?

May effect the developing microbiota, immune system Can cause weight gain

What is the C. diff infection?

Common cause of hospital acquired diarrhoea Easily spreads to others Emergence of extermely virulent, toxigenic, anitbiotic resistant strains

What are the symptoms of C. diff?

Mild diarrhoea Inflammotary lesions Bowel perforation Septic shock Death

Is C. diff gram positive or negative, an aerobe or anaerobe and is it a spore former?

Gram positive Anaerobe A spore former

What is the treatment for C. diff?

Transplanting intact microbial community from a healthy person to one with a microbiota associated disease

What is dietry fibre?

Broken down to VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) by the microbiota

What do volatile fatty acids do?

Are absorbed by the host and contribute 10& to our daily energy requirement

The efficiency of conversion of fermenatble substrates is inreased by what?

Methanogens which consume molecular hydrogen

What does H2 removal stimulate?

Fermentation making more fermentation products available for host absorption

The treatment of C. diff antibiotics are developed to target what?

The pathogen and limit effexts on the rest of the microbiota

What are the positives to bacteriophage therapy?

Minimal effect on the microbiota Viruses that target and kill bacteria Can be developed to target specific pathogens

What do probiotics do?

Replace missing elements of the microbiota Predates recent attention to the microbiome

What are prebiotics?

Chemicals Not organsisms Non digestable carbohydrates that are meant to be metabolised by specific microbes to foster their own growth