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Biology + Microbiology > Staph & Strep > Flashcards

Staph & Strep Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the catalase test detect the presence of?

A

Catalase enzyme in aerobic organisms

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2
Q

What can the catalase test differentiate?

A

Staphylococci from streptococci and helps to confirm gram stain observations

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3
Q

What are the two recognised stphylococci used of medical importance?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis

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4
Q

Are staphylococci pathogenic?

A

Not always they are a normal part of the flora of URTI and skin

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5
Q

how to differentiate the two staphylococci?

A

A diagnosis on manitol salts agar
S.aureus ferments mannitol, creating acid, changing pH, changes from yellow to red

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6
Q

How is S. aureus disease transmitted?

A

Touch from an infected but asymptomatic person to a susceptible individual
Also from contaminated food

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7
Q

What is S. aureus caused by?

A

Acne, boils, pimples, pneumonia, carditic, meningitis

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8
Q

Are most staphylococcal infections pus forming?

A

Yes

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9
Q

Is alpha toxin hemolysin from S. aureus pore forming?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What does hemolysin do when infected?

A

Lyses red blood cells by inserting into their membrane and forming a hole
Host cell contents leak

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11
Q

What does S. aureus produce?

A

Coagulase, a tissue destroying enzyme

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12
Q

What is the coagulase test?

A

Test to see if an organism converts fibrin to fibrinogen

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13
Q

What is S. aureus leucocidin?

A

Another toxin that seperates the components that cats together to damage membranes

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14
Q

What does S. aureus leucocidin target?

A

White bloods cells
Attcking against the immune system

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15
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome?

A

A complication of S . aureus infection

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of toxic shock?

A

High fever
Rash
Vomiting
Diarroea
Death

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17
Q

What is the cause of toxic shock?

A

The use of highly absobant tampons

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18
Q

What is a treatment of S. aureus?

A

Penicillin and cephalosporin

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19
Q

How do the treatments work?

A

Inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis and prevent cross-linking in the peptidoglycan layer

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20
Q

What is beta-lactamases?

A

Enzymes produced by bacteria
(mechanism of resistance)

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21
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

22
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Infections that are resistant to many drugs

23
Q

How to prevent S. aureus infection?

A

Imposible to prevent
People carry it without knowing
Good hygiene
Avoiding contact
Keeping wounds covered

24
Q

What distance is the best fro pathogens to trnasmit?

A

Short distances

25
Q

Does stretococci and staphylococcus areus have a thin ot thick cell and does it dry easily?

A

They have thich cell walls and are more resistant to drying

26
Q

What are the symptoms of URTI?

A

Common cold
Annoying but not life threatning

27
Q

What are the symptoms of LRTI?

A

problematic
Bacterial / pneumonia
Big issue for the immunocompromised or elderly

28
Q

What does URTI stand for?

A

Upper respiratory tract infection

29
Q

Is URTI streptococci gram positive and what is the shape?

A

Gram positive and spherical bacteria in chains not clusters

30
Q

What does streptococci commonly cause?

A

Strep throat

31
Q

How can streptococcus be differentiated from staphylococcus?

A

Gram stain arrangement
Catalase test
Blood agar homolysis

32
Q

What can stretococci also produce?

A

Homolysins

33
Q

What are homolysins?

A

Lysis of red blood cells

34
Q

What are the types of hemolysis?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

35
Q

What is alpha haemolysis?

A

Partial or green haemolysis

36
Q

What is beta haemolysis?

A

Complete lysis of red blood cells

37
Q

What is gamma haemolysis?

A

Not showing typical alpha or beta haemolysis

38
Q

What is strep throat?

A

A bacterial infection of the throat, inflammation and pain, severe sore throat

39
Q

What do S. pyogenes produce in strep throat?

A

Hemolysin
Lyses red blood cells which cause beta-hemolysis on blood agr pkates

40
Q

What are the symptoms of strep throat?

A

Enlarged tonsils
Red spots on the palate
Mild fever
Generally feeling unwell
Tender lymph nodes

41
Q

What are some treatments of strep throat?

A

Antibiotics

42
Q

How to diagnose strep throat?

A

Rapid antigen detection systems
Culture in a blood agar plate

43
Q

What is scarlet fever?

A

Exotoxins from streptococcus acts as superantigens, causing host inflammation and tissue destruction

44
Q

What are the symptoms of scarlet fever?

A

A body wide infection
Severe sore throat
Fever
Characteristic rash

45
Q

How is scarlet fever treated?

A

Antibiotics or can get better on its own

46
Q

What are the complications to strep throat?

A

Rheumatic fever

47
Q

Why is rheumatic fever bad?

A

The immune response to streptococcus infection can generate antibodies that cross react with human cells

48
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatic fever?

A

Fever
Painful and tender joints
Red, hot or swollen joints
Small, painess bumps beneath the skin
Chest pain
Heart murmur
Fatigue
Outbursts of unusual behaviour

49
Q

What is streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

An invasive lung disease

50
Q

What does streptococcus pneumoniae do?

A

When the aveoli, an inflammatory response is stimulated causing plasma, blood and white blood cells to fill the alveoli

Biology + Microbiology (21 decks)

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