Topic 7: Skin and Brain (HL) (Not Finished) Flashcards

1
Q

7.1.2 Functions of skin

A
  • regulation of body temperature
  • protection and immunity
  • sensation
  • excretion
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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2
Q

7.1.1 Annotate a diagram of the generalized structure of the skin

A

a) epidermis
b) dermis
c) sweat gland
d) fat/apidose tissue
e) hair
f) oil gland
g) hair follicle

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3
Q

7.2.1 Label the location of the principal structures of the brain

A

Limit to:

  • the brain stem
  • the diencephalon
  • the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
  • the cerebellum
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4
Q

Functions of Diencephalon (Thalamus + Hypothalamus)

A

Thalamus:

  • Receives messages then sends the messages to the intended destination
  • Perception of sensations (pain, temperature, pressure)
  • Motor signal relay
  • Cognition

Hypothalamus:

  • Control of autonomic nervous system (ANS), heart rate, blood pressure, pituitary gland, body temperature, appetite, thirst, fluid, electrolyte balance, and circadian rhythms
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5
Q

Function of Brainstem

A

respiratory and cardiovascular control centers

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6
Q

Function of Cerebrum (left and right hemispheres)

A
  • Responsible for high-level brain functions such as thinking, language and emotion, and motivation

Function is divided into three broad processes:

  • sensory (receiving sensory impulses)
  • association (interpreting and storing input, and initiating a response)
  • motor (transmitting impulses to effectors)
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7
Q

Functions of Cerebellum

A
  • Helps to smooth and coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contractions
  • Regulate posture and balance
  • Makes possible all skilled motor activities, from catching a ball to dancing
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8
Q

Key difference between cerebrum and cerebral cortex

A

Cerebrum = uppermost largest part of the brain
Cerebral cortex = outer layer of the gray matter of cerebrum

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9
Q

Different lobes of the Cerebrum (5)

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Limbic lobe
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10
Q

7.2.3 Outline blood supply to the brain

A
  • branchiocephalic trunk = the right common carotid artery
  • right + left vertebral arteries = basilar artery, supply blood to posterior part of brain
  • right + left carotid arteries supply blood to anterior part of brain
  • internal carotid artery supply blood to anterior part of brain
  • external carotid artery supply blood to face and scalp
  • internal carotid artery + basilar artery are connected by circle of willis –> ensure continous blood supply to brain
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11
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A
  • first branch of aortic branch
  • supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck
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12
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Basilar artery + Internal carotid arteries

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13
Q

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

A
  • Protects brain from ‘foreign substances’ that may injure brain
  • Maintains a constant environment for brain
  • Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body
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14
Q

7.2.4. Describe the principal source of energy for brain cells

A
  • Glucose is the sole fuel for the human brain, except during prolonged starvation
  • Obtains energy using glucose and oxygen from blood entering the brain
  • If blood entering brain has low glucose or oxygen level, can cause mental confusion, dizziness, convulsion, loss of conciousness
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15
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • Reasoning and motivation, planning, emotions and problem-solving.
  • Also contains the speech and movement motor areas.
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16
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Sensory and motor area linked to movement, body awareness, orientation and navigation
  • Sense of touch, pain and temperature
  • Distinguishing size, shape and color
  • Spatial perception
  • Visual perception
17
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual sensory (vision) and association centre

18
Q

Limbic lobe

A
  • Association processes, such as emotions, behavior, motivation, and long-term memory
  • “Emotional brain”, related to survival (fear, anger, sexual behavior)
19
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Auditory sensory and association area
  • Many aspects of long-term and visual memory
20
Q

7.2.2. Label the location of the principal lobes of the cerebrum

21
Q

How does the skin helps to regulate body temperature?

A

Goosebumps:

  • e.g. of vasoconstriction
  • contraction of arrector pilli muscle –> trapping heat –> raise body temp

Sweating:

  • e.g. of vasodilation
  • heat from body passed through sweat –> evaporate
  • transfering heat from body to environment