Topic 3: Energy System Flashcards
3.1.1 List the macronutrients and micronutrients
Macro:
- Lipids (Fats)
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Water
Micro:
- Vitamins
- Minerals
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients that provide calories or energy and are required in large amounts
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients required in small amounts for various physiological functions but not produced by the body (except vitamin D).
Functions of Carbohydrates
- Fuel
- Energy storage
- Cell membrane
- DNA
- RNA
Functions of Protein
- Structure
- Transport
- Communication
- Enzymes
- Protection
- Fuel
Functions of Lipids
- Fuel
- Energy storage
- Cell membrane
- Hormones
- Precursor of bile acid
Functions of Water
- Medium for biomechanical reactions
- Transport of nutrients, metabolites, waste products
- Thermoregulation
- Excretion
- Lubrication of joints and sliding surface
Functions of Vitamins
- Energy release from macro units
- Metabolism
- Bone health
- Blood health
- Eyesight
Functions of Minerals
- Minerlizations of bones and teeth
- Blood oxygen transport
- Defense against free radicals
- Muscle function
3.1.3. State the chemical composition of a glucose molecule
C6H12O6
3.1.4. Identify a diagram representing the basic structure of a glucose molecule.
3.1.5. Explain how glucose molecules can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Condensation Reactions:
The linking of a monosaccharide to another monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide by the removal of a water molecule.
Monosaccharides
- The most simple form of carbohydrate (sugar)
- Very easily absorbed by the body
- Used as metabolic fuel
- e.g. glucose
Disaccharides
- Combination of 2 monosaccharides
- Glucose & fructose combination
Polysaccharides
- 10 or more sugar molecules combined
- e.g. glycogen
3.1.6. State the composition of a
molecule of triacylglycerol
1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid chains
3.1.7. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated Fat - No double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain - e.g. meat, poultry, full-fat dairy products, coconut oil, tropical oil
Unsaturated Fat - One or more double bond are formed between carbon atoms - e.g. olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts, cashew nuts, canola oil
3.1.8. State the chemical composition of a protein molecule
- C, H, O and N
- Formed by amino acids
- Linked in chains through peptide bonds
- The body breaks down food into amino acids and then makes its own protein
3.1.9. Distinguish between an essential and non-essential amino acid
- Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from diet
- Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body
3.1.10. Describe current recommendations for a healthy balanced diet
3.1.11. State the approximate energy content per 100g of carbohydrate, lipid and protein in Kilojoules
100g protein = 1720kj
100g carbohydrate = 1760kj
100g fat = 4000kj
3.1.12. Discuss how the recommended energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differs between endurance athletes and non-athletes
Metabolism
All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions
Anabolism
built up molecules and consume energy
Catabolism
break down molecules and release energy
Aerobic Catabolism
Compounds breaking down in the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic Catabolism
Compounds breaking down in the absence of oxygen
3.2.2. State what glycogen is and its major storage sites
- When the body has too much glucose for its needs it stores glucose as GLYCOGEN
- Predominantly in the LIVER and MUSCLE TISSUE
3.2.3. State the major sites of triglyceride storage
Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle
3.2.4. Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the accumulation of body fat
- Decrease blood sugar level
- Tell the body to store excess glucose as glycogen
- Stimulates lipogenesis (the formation and storage of triglycerides)
- Excess glucose –> triglycerides –> stored in the adipose tissue as body fat
3.2.6. Outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise.
- Increase blood sugar level
- Exercise or fasting lowers blood glucose –> triggering the pancreas to release glucagon –> stimulates glycogenolysis –> increases blood glucose levels
Adrenaline:
- Also increases with low glucose levels and also promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
3.2.7. Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise.
Both insulin and muscle contraction stimulate glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle.
Glycogenolysis (Catabolism)
- breaking down glycogen into glucose
- muscle glycogen is used to meet the needs of the muscles ONLY
Lipolysis
When triglycerides are released into the bloodstream and broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
3.3.1 Annotate a diagram of the ultrastructure of a generalized animal cell.
Limit to ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion and nucleus.
3.3.2. Annotate a diagram of the ultrastructure of a mitochondrion.
Limit to cristae, inner matrix and outer smooth membrane
3.3.3. Define the term cell respiration.
- A series of chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules to produce ATP
- C6H12O6 + H2O –> 6 CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
3.3.4. Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule.
Gain:
- When a phosphate molecule is added back through energy ADP can be made
Loose:
- ATP + H2O = ATP - P –> ADP
3.3.5. Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction.
The breakdown of ATP to ADP releases a phosphate molecule, which provides energy for muscle contraction
- ATP requires synthesizing
- PCr is present in muscle cell
- PCr is broken down to provide the energy required
- 1 PCr molecule produces 1 new ATP molecules
3.3.6. Describe the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATP–CP system.
PCr is broken down to provide a phosphate molecule for the re-synthesis of ATP that has been utilized during the initial stages of exercise
Oxygen debt
the extra oxygen needed to restore energy systems after exercise
3.3.9. Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system.
- With oxygen, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle, generating electrons for ATP via the electron transport chain.
- Fats, through beta oxidation, produce more ATP, and proteins are used in extreme cases.
3.3.11. Evaluate the relative contributions of the three energy systems during different types of exercise.
- Depending on the sport different energy systems will be used
High intensity:
- Anaerobic - ATP - PC or Lactic Acid
Moderate:
- Anaerobic and Aerobic
Low:
- Aerobic
Glycogenesis (anabolism)
- Glucose –> Glycogen
- When body has too much glucose, it will store the excess glucose as glycogen
- Glycogen are stored mostly in muscle tissue and liver
Lipogenesis
The formation and storage of triglycerides into adipose tissue or skeletal muscle
Compare and contrast the dietary macronutrient requirements of a trained endurance cyclist and a trained sprint cyclist. [3]
- Endurance cyclist requires a greater proportion of carbohydrates to aid in slow release energy
- Sprint cyclist requires greater proportion of protein to build muscle required for great power output
- Both cyclist would have reduced fat intake to increase power to weight ratio
- Endurance cyclist would require greater quantity of water
Explain the phenomena of oxygen deficit
Oxygen deficit is when the need of oxygen and oxygen supply do not match in the first moments of exercise
Three Energy System
- ATP - PC pathway
- Lactic Acid pathway
- Aerobic Pathway
Glycolysis (catabolism)
- Anaerobic
- Occur in cytosol
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose –> PYRUVATE and ATP (energy)
- Produces 2 ATP
- No oxygen –> Pyruvate and ATP
- Yes oxygen –> Pyruvate to mitochondria
Kreb Cycle
- Aerobic
- Pyruvate to mitochondria
- Pyruvate –> Acetyl CoA –> enters Kreb Cycle
- Undergoes reactions –> produce co2 and ATP and high energy electron
- Produces 2 ATP
The Electron Transport Chain
- Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
- Aerobic
- high energy electrons from kreb cycles –> ETC –> water and ATP
- Produces 32 - 34 ATP
Anaerobic Energy Systems: Creatine Phosphate System (PCr)
ATP - PC
- Anaerobic
- Duration: 6 - 10 secs
- Recovery time: 3 mins
- Used in: High-intensity, explosive sport
3.3.7. Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system.
Anaerobic Energy Systems: The Lactic Acid System / Anaerobic Glycolytic System
- Anaerobic
- Glycolysis in cytosol
- Glycolysis breaks down glucose –> PYRUVATE
- Pyruvate –> 2 ATP and lactate
- Duration: up to 2 mins
Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
Used for recovery:
- Remove lactic acid (Lactic Acid system)
- Restore ATP and PCr (ATP-PC)
- Restore oxygen level (Aerobic system)
