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Sports Science > Topic 3: Energy System > Flashcards

Topic 3: Energy System Flashcards

1
Q

3.1.1 List the macronutrients and micronutrients

A

Macro:

  • Lipids (Fats)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Water

Micro:

  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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2
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients that provide calories or energy and are required in large amounts

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3
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Nutrients required in small amounts for various physiological functions but not produced by the body (except vitamin D).

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4
Q

Functions of Carbohydrates

A
  • Fuel
  • Energy storage
  • Cell membrane
  • DNA
  • RNA
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5
Q

Functions of Protein

A
  • Structure
  • Transport
  • Communication
  • Enzymes
  • Protection
  • Fuel
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6
Q

Functions of Lipids

A
  • Fuel
  • Energy storage
  • Cell membrane
  • Hormones
  • Precursor of bile acid
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7
Q

Functions of Water

A
  • Medium for biomechanical reactions
  • Transport of nutrients, metabolites, waste products
  • Thermoregulation
  • Excretion
  • Lubrication of joints and sliding surface
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8
Q

Functions of Vitamins

A
  • Energy release from macro units
  • Metabolism
  • Bone health
  • Blood health
  • Eyesight
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9
Q

Functions of Minerals

A
  • Minerlizations of bones and teeth
  • Blood oxygen transport
  • Defense against free radicals
  • Muscle function
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10
Q

3.1.3. State the chemical composition of a glucose molecule

A

C6H12O6

(1:2:1 ratio)

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11
Q

3.1.4. Identify a diagram representing the basic structure of a glucose molecule.

A
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12
Q

3.1.5. Explain how glucose molecules can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

Condensation Reactions:

The linking of a monosaccharide to another monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide by the removal of a water molecule.

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13
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • The most simple form of carbohydrate (sugar)
  • Very easily absorbed by the body
  • Used as metabolic fuel
  • e.g. glucose
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14
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • Combination of 2 monosaccharides
  • Glucose & fructose combination
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15
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • 10 or more sugar molecules combined
  • e.g. glycogen
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16
Q

3.1.6. State the composition of a molecule of triacylglycerol

A

1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid chains

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17
Q

3.1.7. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated Fat - No double bonds - e.g. meat, poultry, full-fat dairy products, coconut oil, tropical oil (solid in room temp)

Unsaturated Fat - One or more double bond are formed between carbon atoms - e.g. olive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts, cashew nuts, canola oil (liquid in room temp)

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18
Q

3.1.8. State the chemical composition of a protein molecule

A
  • C, H, O and N
  • Formed by amino acids
  • Linked in chains through peptide bonds
  • The body breaks down food into amino acids and then makes its own protein
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19
Q

3.1.9. Distinguish between an essential and non-essential amino acid

A
  • Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from diet
  • Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body
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20
Q

3.1.10. Describe current recommendations for a healthy balanced diet

A
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21
Q

3.1.11. State the approximate energy content per 100g of carbohydrate, lipid and protein in Kilojoules

A

100g protein = 1720kj

100g carbohydrate = 1760kj

100g fat = 4000kj

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22
Q

3.1.12. Discuss how the recommended energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differs between endurance athletes and non-athletes

23
Q

Metabolism

A

All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions

24
Q

Anabolism

A

built up molecules and consume energy

25
Catabolism
**break down** molecules and release energy
26
**Aerobic** Catabolism
Compounds breaking down in the **presence** of oxygen
27
**Anaerobic** Catabolism
Compounds breaking down in the **absence** of oxygen
28
3.2.2. State what glycogen is and its major storage sites
* Excess glucose → GLYCOGEN * Predominantly in the **LIVER** and **MUSCLE TISSUE**
29
3.2.3. State the major sites of triglyceride storage
Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle
30
3.2.4. Explain the role of **insulin** in the formation of glycogen and the accumulation of body fat
* Decrease blood sugar level * Tell the body to store excess glucose as glycogen * Stimulates **lipogenesis** (the formation and storage of triglycerides) * Excess glucose → triglycerides → stored in the adipose tissue as body fat
31
3.2.6. Outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise.
* Increase blood sugar level * Exercise or fasting lowers blood glucose → triggering the pancreas to release glucagon → stimulates glycogenolysis → increases blood glucose levels **Adrenaline:** * Also increases with low glucose levels and also promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis
32
3.2.7. Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise.
Both insulin and muscle contraction stimulate glucose uptake from the blood into skeletal muscle.
33
Glycogenolysis (Catabolism)
* breaking down glycogen into glucose * muscle glycogen is used to meet the needs of the muscles ONLY
34
Lipolysis
When triglycerides are released into the bloodstream and broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
35
3.3.1. Annotate a diagram of the ultrastructure of a generalized animal cell.
Limit to ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion and nucleus.
36
3.3.2. Annotate a diagram of the ultrastructure of a mitochondrion.
Limit to cristae, inner matrix and outer smooth membrane
37
3.3.3. Define the term cell respiration.
The controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells
38
3.3.4. Explain how adenosine can gain and lose a phosphate molecule.
**Gain:** * ADP + P = ATP **Lose:** * ATP + H2O = ATP - P → ADP
39
3.3.5. Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction.
The breakdown of ATP to ADP releases a phosphate molecule, which provides energy for muscle contraction
40
3.3.6. Describe the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATP–PC system.
PCr breaks down to provide phosphate for rapid ATP re-synthesis during early exercise. * PC + ADP → 1 ATP + C
41
Oxygen debt
the extra oxygen needed to restore energy systems after exercise
42
3.3.9. Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system.
* With oxygen, pyruvate → Krebs cycle, generating electrons for ATP via ETC * Fats, through beta oxidation, produce more ATP, and proteins are used in extreme cases
43
3.3.11. Evaluate the relative contributions of the three energy systems during different types of exercise.
* Depending on the sport different energy systems will be used **High intensity:** * Anaerobic → ATP-PC or Lactic Acid **Moderate:** * Anaerobic and Aerobic **Low:** * Aerobic
44
Glycogenesis (anabolism)
* **Glucose → Glycogen** * When body has too much glucose, it will store the excess glucose as glycogen * Glycogen are stored mostly in **muscle tissue and liver**
45
Lipogenesis
The formation and storage of triglycerides into **adipose tissue or skeletal muscle**
46
Compare and contrast the dietary macronutrient requirements of a trained endurance cyclist and a trained sprint cyclist. [3]
* Endurance cyclist requires a greater proportion of carbohydrates to aid in slow release energy * Sprint cyclist requires greater proportion of protein to build muscle required for great power output * Both cyclist would have reduced fat intake to increase power to weight ratio * Endurance cyclist would require greater quantity of water
47
Explain the phenomena of oxygen deficit
Oxygen deficit is when the need of oxygen and oxygen supply do not match in the first moments of exercise
48
Three Energy System
* ATP - PC pathway * Lactic Acid pathway * Aerobic Pathway
49
Glycolysis (catabolism)
* Anaerobic * Occur in cytosol * Glucose → PYRUVATE → 2 ATP (energy) * No oxygen → Pyruvate → 2 ATP + Lactate + H+ * Yes oxygen → Pyruvate → mitochondria
50
Kreb Cycle
* Aerobic * Pyruvate → mitochondria * Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA → Kreb Cycle * Undergoes reactions → produce co2 and ATP and high energy electron * Produces 2 ATP
51
The Electron Transport Chain
* Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria * Aerobic * high energy electrons from Kreb Cycles → ETC → H2O + ATP * Produces 32 - 34 ATP
52
Anaerobic Energy Systems: Creatine Phosphate System (PCr)
ATP - PC * Anaerobic * Duration: 6 - 10 secs * Recovery time: 3 mins * Used in: High-intensity, explosive sport
53
3.3.7. Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system. Anaerobic Energy Systems: The Lactic Acid System / Anaerobic Glycolytic System
* Anaerobic * Glycolysis in cytosol * Glycolysis breaks down glucose → PYRUVATE * Pyruvate → 2 ATP + Lactate + H+ (muscle fatigue) * Duration: up to 2 mins
54
Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
**Used for recovery:** * Remove lactic acid (Lactic Acid system) * Restore ATP and PCr (ATP-PC) * Restore oxygen level (Aerobic system)

Sports Science (34 decks)

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