Topic 1.1: Skeletal System

Question 1

1.1.1. Distinguish anatomically
between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Answer 1

Axial skeleton: cranium, ribs, sternum and vertebral column (spine)

Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges.

Question 2

1.1.2. Distinguish between the axial
and appendicular skeleton in terms of function.

Answer 2

Axial: Protection, Support

Appendicular: Attachment, Storage & Blood Cell Production

Question 3

Skull

Answer 3

Cranium

Question 4

Jaw

Answer 4

Mandible

Question 5

Spine

Answer 5

Vertebrae (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)

Question 6

1.1. Function of the vertebrae column

Answer 6

• Supports the head
• Encloses and protects the spinal cord
• Transmit weight from the body to the leg
• Provide attachment points for the ribs and muscles and back

Question 7

How many bones are in the spine?

Answer 7

33
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccyx

Question 8

1.1. Describe the shape of the vertebral column.

Answer 8

cervical: smallest & fragile → movement + flexibility

thoracic: less mobile, ribs attached → restricts movement

lumbar: biggest & strongest → role in weight-bearing + high compression loads

Question 9

Function of Sacral and Coccyx

Answer 9

Transmit weight from body to pelvis and leg

Question 10

Collarbone

Answer 10

Clavicle

Question 11

Shoulder Blades

Answer 11

Scapula

Question 12

Ribs

Answer 12

Ribs

Question 13

Chest Bone

Answer 13

Sternum

Question 14

Forearms Bone

Answer 14

Radius and Ulna

Radius connects to the thumb

Question 15

Arm

Answer 15

Humerus

Question 16

Hand and Wrist

Answer 16

Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals
Phalanges (fingers)

Question 17

Leg Bone

Answer 17

Femur

Question 18

Pelvic

Answer 18

Pelvis Girdle, Ischium, Ilium

Question 19

Knee bone

Answer 19

Patella

Question 20

Ankle and Feet

Answer 20

Tarsals (Ankle)
Metatarsals
Phalanges (toes)

Question 21

1.1.5. Apply anatomical terminology
to the location of bones.

Answer 21

Superior: toward the head (upper or above)

Inferior: toward the feet (lower or below)

Anterior: further to the front (anterior view)

Posterior: further to the back (posterior view)

Medial: toward the midline of the body

Lateral: toward the side of the body

Proximal: closer to the axial body (toward the trunk)

Distal: further from the axial body (further from the trunk)

Question 22

1.1.3. State the four types of bone.

Answer 22

Long, short, flat and irregular.

Question 23

1.1.6. Outline the functions of
connective tissue.

Answer 23

• Cartilage - soft cushioning substance that covers ends of bones
• Ligament - binds bone to bone
• Tendon - binds muscle to bone

Question 24

What are examples of long bones?

• long cyndrical shaft
• enlarged at both ends
• length greater than width

Answer 24

Femur, Tibula, Ulna, Clavicle…..

Question 25

What are examples of short bones? - small & cube shaped - usually articulate with 1+ bone

Answer 25

Carpals ,Tarsals, Patella

Question 26

What are examples of flat bones? - curved surfaces - vary thick or thin - provide protection - broad surface → provides large area for muscle attachement

Answer 26

Scapula, Sternum, Pelvis, Ribs

Question 27

What are examples of irregular bones? - specialised shapes for function

Answer 27

Vertebrae, Sacrum, Mandible