tophat ch 6

Question 1

n classical conditioning, any stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive behavior is called a/an _____
stimulus, and the behavior it elicits is called the _____ response.

Answer 1

unconditioned; unconditioned*

Question 2

In classical conditioning, nature provides the ______ connection, and conditioning provides the
_____ connection

Answer 2

UCS-UCR; CS-CR*

Question 3

Common sense knowledge
In classical conditioning, what happens following extinction if the original CS-UCS pairing is
renewed

Answer 3

Less time will be necessary to reacquire the CR than it did to acquire it originally

Question 4

Positive reinforcement ______ the rate of responding; negative reinforcement ______ the rate of
responding

Answer 4

increases; increases*

Question 5

Which reinforcement schedule yields the highest response rate and is most resistant to extinction

Answer 5

Variable ratio*

Question 6

With these two schedules, an organism’s response rate falls off after each reinforcement. What are
these two schedules?

Answer 6

C) Fixed-interval and fixed-ratio

Question 7

A boy runs on an icy sidewalk. He slips and falls. In the future, he no longer runs on an icy sidewalk.
This is an example of _____

Answer 7

positive punishment

Question 8

A professor’s lectures run for 50 minutes. Assuming that his students are reinforced by being able to
leave at the end of the class, what will their “time-checking” behavior look like

Answer 8

Most of their time-checks will come near the end of the class

Question 9

The first rigorous study of classical conditioning was carried out by ______; the Law of Effect was put
forward by ______; the theory of operant conditioning was developed by _____

Answer 9

D) Ivan Pavlov; Edward Thorndike; B. F. Skinner

Question 10

A child watches a balloon grow large until it bursts, which causes a defensive startle reaction. After
the child’s first experience with a bursting balloon, the mere sight of an inflating balloon elicits a
defensive reaction. These events are depicted in the following diagram. Identify the terms labelled 1
to 5.
(NS = neutral stimulus; UCS = unconditioned stimulus; UR = unconditioned response; CS =
conditioned stimulus; CR = conditioned response

Answer 10

) 1 = NS; 2 = UR; 3 = UCS; 4 = CR; 5 = CS*

Question 11

. Sam’s wife always wears the same black nightgown whenever she is “in the mood” for sexual
relations. Sam becomes sexually aroused as soon as he sees his wife in the nightgown. For Sam, the
nightgown is a(n): ______

Answer 11

conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned “Little Albert” to fear white rats by banging a hammer on a
steel bar as he played with a white rat. Later, it was discovered that Albert feared not only white
rats but white stuffed toys and Santa’s beard, as well. Albert’s fear of these other objects can be
attributed to

Answer 12

stimulus generralization

Question 13

The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is an example of the pattern of
responding typically generated on a ______ schedule of reinforcement

Answer 13

variable ratio

Question 14

Gloria loved oysters. In her birthday party, she ate some contaminated oysters and vomited that
night. After this, Gloria developed a nausea reaction to oysters. Gloria’s nausea reaction to oysters
was learned through ______

Answer 14

classical conditioning

Question 15

Gloria vomited (she got a bad feeling) after eating some contaminated oysters at
her birthday party. After this, she stopped eating oysters. This is an example of
_______

Answer 15

positive punishment

Question 16

A teacher is trying to teach Johnny to speak in front of the whole classroom. Given that Johnny is a
shy kid, he wouldn’t be able to give a speech right away. So, instead of promising Johnny a big
reward for giving a speech, the teacher gives him a small gift every time he performs a successive
approximation of the targeted behavior (e.g., stands in front of the class; goes in front of the class
and says his name; reads a passage from a book to the class; and finally gives a speech in front of the
classroom). This is an example of _____

Answer 16

Shaping

Question 17

8. A girl has been hit by the school bully and is afraid to go to school. During summer recess her fear of
   going to school decreases and she is eager to go back. However, the first day back to school her fear
   returns once again. The reappearance of her fear is an example of _____

Answer 17

spontaneous recovery

Question 18

The process of _____ increases the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made, while _____
decreases or narrows the range of stimuli to which a CR will be made

Answer 18

Stimulus generalization; stimulus discrimination

Question 19

. A girl has taught her dog to bark whenever she says “speak!” Now, the girl wants to teach her dog to
sit whenever she says “sit.” To her surprise, when the girl says “sit” for the first time, the dog barks.
The dog’s behavior is an example of ____

Answer 19

stimulus generalization

Question 20

the more similar a stimulus is to the original CS, the stronger a CR will be t or f

Answer 20

t

Question 21

In classical conditioning, learning is assessed by measuring _____; in operant conditioning, learning
is assessed by measuring _____; in an experiment to demonstrate the law of effect, learning is
assessed by measuring _____
Hints: look at the variables on the Y-axis of the graphs. For classical conditioning, look at the graph
that displays the generalization/discrimination gradients; for operant conditioning, look at the graph
that displays the response patterns of the four reinforcement schedules; for law of effect, look at
the graph that displays the response pattern of a cat that tries to get out of the puzzle box.

Answer 21

strength of a physiological response; number of responses within a time interval; time to
accomplish a goa

Question 22

. Law of Effect describes the relationship between _____

Answer 22

a behavior and its consequences

Question 23

B. F. Skinner invented a device known as the operant chamber. This apparatus was designed to
allow researchers to manipulate the _____

Answer 23

consequence of a behavior*

Question 24

A man and a woman are farm workers. The man is paid every week for his work, while the woman is
paid for every two bushels of fruit she picks. The man is under a _____ schedule of payment; the
woman is under a _____ schedule of payment

Answer 24

fixed-interval; fixed-ratio

Question 25

A teacher gives five occasional, irregularly scheduled pop quizzes during the semester. If you study
your notes each day before class, you will be reinforced on a/an _____ schedule

Answer 25

variable-interval

Question 26

In second-order conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as the second CS after
being paired with the _____

Answer 26

fisrt cs

Question 27

In second-order conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as the second CS after
being paired with the _____

Answer 27

Continuous