ch 6 slide deck Flashcards
nonassociative learning
learning about a stimulus such as sight or sound in external world
associative learning
learning the relationship between two pieces of info
observational learning
learning by watching how others behave
two types of nonassociative learning and describe
Sensitization - when our behavioural response to a stimulus increases
Habituation - when our behavioural response to a stimulus decreases
two types of asscoiative learning
classical conditioning - when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus
operant conditioning - when we learn that behaviour leads to a certain outcome
two types of observational learning
modelling - imitating a behaviour seen in others
vicarious learning- learning to engage in behaviour or not after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action
classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity
to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another
stimulus.
who first described classical conditioning
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936)
Russian physiologist
conditioned stimulus
an initially neutral stimulus that comes to produce a new response because it is associated with the unconditioned stimulus
extinction process
Conditioned response disappears.
The animal’s behavior is reverted
to the pre-conditioned state.
during acquisition
the CS-US pairings lead to increased learning as a result
the conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response
if the Cs is presented without the US eventually
the Cr extinguishes
if the CR is extinguished, and the Cs is presented alone it will produce a weak Cr known as
spontaneous recovery
the Cr gets weaker and will extinguish if the
CS is continually presented alone
generalization
similar stimuli lead to the same response
discrimination
similar stimuli don’t lead to a response
second ordering conditioning
SLIDE 21
law of effect
Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is
likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an
“annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again.
The likelihood of the occurrence of a behavior is
influenced by its consequences.
EDWARD THORNDIKE
B. F. Skinner
* Elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect
* Invented the operant chamber to develop
the theory of operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
A form of learning
in which voluntary responses come to be
controlled by their consequences (see
examples in the next slide).
positive reinforcement
behaviour is followed by favourable stimulus; frequency of behaviours increases
negative reinforcement
behaviour is followed by the removal of an unfavorable stimulus; the frequency of behaviours increases
positive punishment
behvaiour is followed by an unfavourable stimulus; frequency of behaviours decreases
negative punishment -
the removal of favourable stimulus follows behaviour; frequency of behaviours decreases
Corporal punishment is a form of
positive punishment
what three factors need to be considered for effective punishment
timing - apply immediately after misbehaviour
intensity - should match the intensity of the misbehaviour
consistency - apply every time misbehaviour occurs, inconsistency leads to the weak association between the punishment and the misbehaviour
how does coffee places use positive reinforcement
buy seven, get one free
continuous schedule
Every response is reinforced. Buy 1 get 1 free
Behavioral response: making purchase
fixed ratio schedule
response pattern
extinction?
rapid pauses
relatively easy extinction
A fixed number of responses must
be made before reinforcement
occurs.
Buy 7 get 1 free
Behavioral response: making purchase
variable ratio schedule
repsonse rate?
extinction ?
A varying or random number of
responses must be made before
reinforcement occurs.
Lottery
E.g., 1 in 6 chances to win.
Behavioral response: making purchae
rapid steady
extinction- difficult
fixed interval schedule
response pattern?
extinction?
The first response after a specific
period of time has elapsed is
reinforced.
New jobs are posted on a website every
Monday.
Behavioral response: Checking the website
slow pauses
extinction- relatively easy
In operant conditioning, extinction refers to
to the gradual weakening
and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is
no longer followed by reinforcemen
variable interval schedule
response pattern?
Extinction?
The first response after a vary or
random periods of time has
elapsed is reinforced.
New jobs are posted any time on a website.
Behavioral response: Checking the website.
slow steady
difficult extinction
operant conditioning, extinction example
E.g., a rat stops pressing the lever when food does not come out
after each press
Continuous reinforcement has a very rapid rate of
extinction
which schedule has the lowest repsonse rate
fixed interval
primary reinforcer
things that are rewarding in themselves
conditioned reinforcer/secondary reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer. things we have learned to value
example of generalized reinforcer. what is it
money
because it can be traded for just about anything
bandura’s study on observation learning
3 groups
group 1- watch adult abuse Bobo doll
group 2- watch the adult ignore the bobo doll and play with other things
The group 3-never saw an adult play with anything
children mimic what they saw the adult do when they get a chance to play
dunning-kruger effect
a form of illusory superiority
People lack the ability to evaluate their own performance in areas
where they have little expertise.
* E.g., People with the lowest grades rate their mastery of academic
skills much higher than is warranted by their actual performance.
illusory superiority
form of false confidence when we believe that we are above average in just about everything
BF Skinner and the skinner box cannot demonstrate
negative punishment
