ch 6 slide deck Flashcards
nonassociative learning
learning about a stimulus such as sight or sound in external world
associative learning
learning the relationship between two pieces of info
observational learning
learning by watching how others behave
two types of nonassociative learning and describe
Sensitization - when our behavioural response to a stimulus increases
Habituation - when our behavioural response to a stimulus decreases
two types of asscoiative learning
classical conditioning - when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus
operant conditioning - when we learn that behaviour leads to a certain outcome
two types of observational learning
modelling - imitating a behaviour seen in others
vicarious learning- learning to engage in behaviour or not after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action
classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity
to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another
stimulus.
who first described classical conditioning
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936)
Russian physiologist
conditioned stimulus
an initially neutral stimulus that comes to produce a new response because it is associated with the unconditioned stimulus
extinction process
Conditioned response disappears.
The animal’s behavior is reverted
to the pre-conditioned state.
during acquisition
the CS-US pairings lead to increased learning as a result
the conditioned stimulus can produce the conditioned response
if the Cs is presented without the US eventually
the Cr extinguishes
if the CR is extinguished, and the Cs is presented alone it will produce a weak Cr known as
spontaneous recovery
the Cr gets weaker and will extinguish if the
CS is continually presented alone
generalization
similar stimuli lead to the same response
discrimination
similar stimuli don’t lead to a response
second ordering conditioning
SLIDE 21
law of effect
Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is
likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an
“annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again.
The likelihood of the occurrence of a behavior is
influenced by its consequences.
EDWARD THORNDIKE
B. F. Skinner
* Elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect
* Invented the operant chamber to develop
the theory of operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
A form of learning
in which voluntary responses come to be
controlled by their consequences (see
examples in the next slide).
positive reinforcement
behaviour is followed by favourable stimulus; frequency of behaviours increases
negative reinforcement
behaviour is followed by the removal of an unfavorable stimulus; the frequency of behaviours increases
positive punishment
behvaiour is followed by an unfavourable stimulus; frequency of behaviours decreases
negative punishment -
the removal of favourable stimulus follows behaviour; frequency of behaviours decreases
