chapter 4 textbook Flashcards by Marissa del Rosario

Consciousness

“consists of one’s moment-by-moment personal, subjective experiences.”

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you know you are conscious because

you are experiencing the outside world through your senses

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“Your subjective experiences of sensation are sometimes called ”

“qualia, meaning the qualitative experiences of your conscious state. Because each of us experiences consciousness personally, we cannot know if any two people’s experiences, or qualia, are the same”

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CHANGE BLINDNESS

“Because we cannot attend to everything in the vast array of visual information available, we are often “blind” to large changes in our environments. ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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what is the conclusion of the swap person your talking to and see if they notice change blindness experiment

most people didn’t notice the person changed
- “. If we are unable to recall those features later, it is not because we forgot them. More likely, it is because we never processed those features very much in the first place. After all, how often do we need to remember such information”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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older people were more or less likely to notice a change in person for the change blindness study. what was the conclusion on why when college students were used with someone dresses as a construction worker

less because “This finding supports the idea that the students encoded the strangers as belonging to a broad category”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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cocktail party theory

“You can focus on a single conversation in the midst of a chaotic party. However, a particularly pertinent stimulus—such as hearing your name or a juicy piece of gossip mentioned in another conversation—can capture your attention. ”

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shadowing

“In this procedure, the participant wears headphones that deliver one message to one ear and a different message to the other. The participant is asked to attend to one of the two messages and “shadow” it by repeating it aloud”
- they notice the other sound but have little knowledge about the content

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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in shadowing what gets the attention of the listener in the unintended message

“t has to be personally relevant information, such as your name or the name of someone close to you, or it has to be particularly loud, meaningful, or different in some obvious physical way.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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filter theory

“He assumed that people have a limited capacity for sensory information. They screen incoming information to let in only the most important material. In this model, attention is like a gate that opens for important information and closes for irrelevant information”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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endogenous attention

“Intentionally directing the focus of your attention in this way is called”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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exogenous attention

“demand attention and virtually shut off the ability to attend to anything else”
“When the focus of your attention is driven by a stimulus or event, it is called”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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consciousness and neural responses fMRI study

“(a) Research participants were shown images with houses superimposed on faces. Then the participants were asked to attend to (b) the face or (c) the house. When they reported seeing a face, activity increased in face-recognition areas of the brain. When they reported seeing a house, activity increased in scene-recognition areas.”
“ this early fMRI study suggested it might be possible to observe conscious experience by looking at brain activity”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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Freudian slip

“occurs when an unconscious thought is suddenly expressed at an inappropriate time or in an inappropriate social context.”

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priming

“occurs when the response to a stimulus is influenced or facilitated by recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus. ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

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Priming can influence

“how you perceive an object, the speed or ease with which you respond, and the choices you make. ”

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SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION

“ occurs when stimuli are processed by sensory systems but, because of their short durations or subtlety, do not reach consciousness”

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“Which type of subliminal messages are most likely to affect behavior?

“: Messages that invoke emotion or motivation may subtly shift behavior, but such messages do not affect complex behaviors like buying or self-confidence.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

Automatic processing

“occurs when a task is so well learned that we can do it without much attention.
”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

controlled processing

“slower than automatic processing, but it helps people perform in complex or novel situation”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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why do people read colours that are written in different coloured ink slower

“Because people cannot turn off the automatic ability to read the meaning of the word, when they try to say the incongruous name of the ink in which the word is printed, there is significant interference”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

“ circadian rhythms. (Circadian means “about a day.” regulates what

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

“Brain activity and other physiological processes are regulated into patterns”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

sleepless

“s gene regulates a protein that, like many anesthetics, reduces action potentials in the brain ”
“. Loss of this protein leads to an 80 percent reduction in sleep.
”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

“Information about light detected by the eyes is sent to a small region of the hypothalamus called the ”

suprachiasmatic nucleus

“suprachiasmatic nucleus. This region then sends signals to a tiny structure called the _____

pineal gland

“The pineal gland then secretes_____

melatonin

“a hormone that travels through the bloodstream and affects various receptors in the body, including the brain”

what suppresses the production of melatonin

“Bright light suppresses the production of melatonin, whereas darkness triggers its release. Melatonin is necessary for circadian cycles that regulate sleep”

“The Pineal Gland and the Sleep/Wake Cycle”

“Changes in light register in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. In response, this region signals the pineal gland when the time for sleep or the time for wakefulness has come. ” Excerpt From Psychological Science (Seventh Edition) Elizabeth A. Phelps This material may be protected by copyright.

“ The EEG shows this activity as short, frequent, irregular brain signals known as___

beta waves

“When people focus their attention on something or when they close their eyes and relax, brain activity slows and becomes more regular. This pattern produces______

alpha waves

stage 1 of sleep

“ EEG shows short bursts of irregular waves called theta waves. You can easily be aroused from stage 1, and if awakened, you will probably deny that you were sleeping. In this light sleep, you might see fantastical images or geometric shapes. You might have the sensation of falling or that your limbs are jerking”

stage 2 of sleep

“ your breathing becomes more regular, and you become less sensitive to external stimulation. You are now really asleep. Although the EEG continues to show theta waves, it also shows occasional bursts of activity called sleep spindles and large waves called K-complexes” \

“Two findings indicate that the brain must work to maintain sleep.” .

“First, abrupt noises can trigger K-complexes. Second, as people age and sleep more lightly, their EEGs show fewer sleep spindles.” Excerpt From Psychological Science (Seventh Edition) Elizabeth A. Phelps This material may be protected by copyright.

stages 3 and 4 of sleep

“egular brain patterns called delta waves, and it is often referred to as slow-wave sleep. People in slow-wave sleep are hard to wake and are often disoriented when they do wake up. People still process some information in slow-wave sleep, however, because the mind continues to evaluate the surroundings for potential danger”

REM sleep

“After about 90 minutes of sleep, the sleep cycle reverses, returning to stage 1. At this point, the EEG suddenly shows a flurry of beta wave activity that usually represents an awake, alert mind. The eyes dart back and forth rapidly beneath closed eyelids. ”

rem sleep is sometimes called

“paradoxical sleep because of the paradox of a sleeping body with an active brain” Excerpt From Psychological Science (Seventh Edition) Elizabeth A. Phelps This material may be protected by copyright.

“About 80 percent of the time when people are awakened during REM sleep, they report

dreaming

how many times does the sleep cycle repeat in a night

five

rem dreams versus non rem dreams

“EM dreams are more likely to be bizarre. They may involve intense emotions, visual and auditory hallucinations (but rarely taste, smell, or pain), and an uncritical acceptance of illogical events. Non-REM dreams are often very dull. They may concern mundane activities such as deciding what clothes to wear or taking notes in class.” Excerpt From Psychological Science (Seventh Edition) Elizabeth A. Phelps This material may be protected by copyright.

manifest content of a dream versus latent content

“The manifest content is the dream the way the dreamer remembers it. The latent content is what the dream symbolizes; it is the material that has been disguised to protect the dreamer from confronting a conflict directly.” Excerpt From Psychological Science (Seventh Edition) Elizabeth A. Phelps This material may be protected by copyright.

ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

“random brain activity occurs during sleep and that this neural firing can activate mechanisms that normally interpret sensory input. The sleeping mind tries to make sense of the resulting sensory activity by synthesizing it with stored memories. From this perspective, dreams are the side effects of mental processes produced by random neural firing.”

critics of ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

“dreams are seldom as chaotic as might be expected if they were based on random brain activity (Domhoff, 2003). Indeed, the conscious experience of most dreams is fairly similar to waking life, with some intriguing differences. The differences include a lack of self-awareness, reduced attention and voluntary control, increased emotionality, and poor memory” Excerpt From Psychological Science (Seventh Edition) Elizabeth A. Phelps This material may be protected by copyright.