chapter 4 lecture Flashcards
What is consciousness? define by psychological science
One’s moment-to-moment
subjective experience of the world
what is consciousness (other definition)
sensory awareness
direct awareness
personal unity (the sense of self)
the waking state (as opposed to the state of coma/sleep
action is the gateway to
consciousness
what is change blindness
when people do not notice when something has been changed
5 causes of change blindness
the stimulus
overwriting
first impressions
nothing is store
noting is compare
fontura combination
Change blindness is a more specific form
is a specific form of inattentionial blindness
what is Inattentional Blindness
The failure to notice when an
unexpected but completely
visible object suddenly
appears. This usually occurs
when an individual’s attention
is directed elsewhere.
“The failure to notice
something that is fully obvious
right there in front of you
when your attention is
engaged in something or
someone else.”
Exogenous
Attention
Exogenous attention is a passive,
transient, automatic, stimulus-
driven process. Peripheral cues,
presented near or at target
stimuli, used to guide exogenous
attention could be automatically
captured by salient stimuli
Endogenous
Attention
Endogenous attention is
a voluntary, sustained, goal-
driven process. Information
that aligns with an
observer’s behavioral goals
are internally selected for
further processing
Dichotic Listening (Change Deafness)
two audios = selective hearing can only follow one
Selective Attention
Voluntarily attend to one source of information while ignoring or
excluding other ongoing messages.
question of interest for selective attention
Under what circumstances will people shift their
attention to the ignored message?
Under what circumstances will people shift their
attention to the ignored message?
when it semantically related to what you were originally paying attention too
explain the shadowing task- what were the results
To
repeat a message out
loud as soon as it was
heard.
* In most experiments,
subjects were wearing
headphones. Different
messages were
presented to the two
ears. The subject’s
task is to shadow one
ear and ignore the
other. When the subject was busy shadowing a message from one ear, the
unattended message from the other ear was changed
- Subjects were quite accurate in producing “shadows” and reported
that the task was easy.
* The shadows were usually produced in a monotone voice, with little
intonational stress, and generally lagged behind the taped message
by a second or so.
* Subjects could not remember much about the shadowed message
- however Subjects could notice the following changes in the unattended
message:
- human speech was changed to a tone
- male voice was changed to female voice
* In general, subjects could notice changes in physical characteristics.
* Physical changes are drawing exogenous attention.
.
when could subjects of the shadow task notice the change in the unattended message
Subjects could notice the following changes in the unattended
message:
- human speech was changed to a tone
- male voice was changed to female voice
* In general, subjects could notice changes in physical characteristics.
* Physical changes are drawing exogenous attention.
when could subjects of the shadow task NOT notice the change in the unattended message
Word order in a sentence was reversed.
- English was changed to another language.
* Subjects were unable to identify words or phrases that had been on
the unattended message.
* A word presented 35 times was never recalled.
- failed to notice SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS
In general, people failed to notice semantic characteristics, with the
following exceptions (shadow task)
Some (but not all) people could hear their names (the cocktail party
effect).
* When a word/phrase in the unattended message is highly relevant to
the context of the attended message, some people can hear that
word/phrase.
Example
* Attended: I am really very excited about ordering pepperoni nine tonight
* Unattended: Eight nine four eight nine six eight three pizza two
The Stroop Effect (experiment)
Words such as RED GREEN BLUE YELLOW were presented visually to
subjects, written in mismatched colors of ink (RED printed in green
ink).
* Other words (e.g., vehicle, book) were also included.
* Subjects had to name the color of the ink in which the word was
printed.
Physical & semantic
qualities do not interact
random words in colours
Physical & semantic
qualities match
colour is written in the correct colour
Physical & semantic
qualities mismatch
the colour is written in the incorrect colour
what is the stroop effect
When the name of a color mismatched the color of the ink
(RED in green ink), subjects displayed a higher tendency to
say the name of the color than the color of the ink (i.e., it
was more likely for the subjects to say “red” than “green” in
this case)
To correctly name the color of the ink in this case, subjects
had to slow down processing.
* Time required to name the ink of 100 incongruent words =
100s; compared to only 60s for congruent words.
explain the stroop effect
The meaning of a word and the physical characteristic of a
word are two different dimensions of processing (semantic
and sensory
When the meaning of a word has nothing to do with the
physical characteristic of the word (i.e., its color), the two
dimensions do not interfere with each other.
* When the meaning of a word is related to the physical
characteristic of the word (i.e., both are about color), the
two dimensions interfere with each other.
what wins more attentions physical characteristics or semantics
semantics because it is automatic
emotional stroop test proves that
This is exactly what researchers found. People with a mental disorder
were slower to name the colors of the words that were related to
their disorders (compared to some control words)
* These people have an attentional bias—they pay extra attention to
some features whereas other people normally don’t.
emotional Stroop test argues that peoples attention is directed (involuntarily) to
words that induce their anxiety. At the moment they see the anxiety inducing words,
they stop paying attention to the color of the ink
People with a mental disorder
were slower to name the colors of the words that were related to
their disorders (compared to some control words), this is
attentional bias - pay extra attention to some features whereas other people normally do not
conjunction search
example shape and colour
visual search becomes more difficult when _______ of a feature is involved
conjunction
attentional spotlight can only be deployed locally therefore with conjunction viewer must apply
serial search
which is faster conjunction or disjunction
disjunction
Dual Processing
Attention is divided when an individual performs two or more tasks
simultaneous (dual processing/multitasking)
If an individual can perform two (or more) tasks simultaneously and
maintain high level of performance on both tasks, what does it say about the tasks
either both tasks
are easy, or one of the tasks is easy.
what happens when both tasks are difficult (with divided attention)
When both tasks are difficult, performance on both tasks suffer
with the understanding of two hard tasks it can be concluded
that attention is actually not divided (cannot be)
Hemineglect or hemi-inattention:
A disruption or decreased ability to look at something in the
(often) left field of vision and pay attention to it.
Hemi: half
Neglect or inattention: to ignore or to fail to perceive
hemineglect people will only describe which side
right side
the ______ memory of a hemineglect patients is affected
by their attentional disorder.
spatial
Altered consciousness
A state that changes your subjective
perception of consciousness from how you typically experience it
- meditation
- - hypnosis
- drugs
- sleep
Each state of consciousness has its unique pattern of brain waves.
true
gamma rays
problem-solving concebtration
beta
busy active mind
alpha
reflective restful
theta
Short bursts of irregular waves.
Light sleep; easily be aroused;
see fantastic images
dream
delta
High voltage, regular patterns.
Slow-wave sleep: hard to wake
Less responsive to the
surroundings
Brain activity during sleep
alpha- eyes closed mind relaxed
theta wave- short bursts of irregular waves, light sleep, easily aroused, see fantastic images
sleep spindles- sudden bursts of rapid brain activity
delta- high volt, regular, hard to wake
REM- rapid eye movements, alert awake mind
sleep spindles
sudden bursts of rapid brain activity (unknown reason)
k complex- triggered by abrupt noises
Parents in slow-wave sleep (deep
sleep) can be aroused by a baby’s
cries.
They can’t hear other sounds
that are louder but are less
relevant than the cries of the
baby.
why?
because the baby noise hgas meaning
After about 90 minutes of sleep, the sleep cycle reverses. how many times does it repeat
This cycle
repeats about five times in eight hours
why is REM a paradoxical sleep
A sleeping body with an
active brain
some neurons are more active during REM sleep than during waking hours where are these neurons
occipital cortex and brain stem
during REM most of the body’s muscles are
paralyzed
deep sleep happens mostly when, when does REM sleep mostly occur
beginning and end
