chapter 4 lecture

Question 1

What is consciousness? define by psychological science

Answer 1

One’s moment-to-moment
subjective experience of the world

Question 2

what is consciousness (other definition)

Answer 2

sensory awareness
direct awareness
personal unity (the sense of self)
the waking state (as opposed to the state of coma/sleep

Question 3

action is the gateway to

Answer 3

consciousness

Question 4

what is change blindness

Answer 4

when people do not notice when something has been changed

Question 5

5 causes of change blindness

Answer 5

the stimulus
overwriting
first impressions
nothing is store
noting is compare
fontura combination

Question 6

Change blindness is a more specific form

Answer 6

is a specific form of inattentionial blindness

Question 7

what is Inattentional Blindness

Answer 7

The failure to notice when an
unexpected but completely
visible object suddenly
appears. This usually occurs
when an individual’s attention
is directed elsewhere.
“The failure to notice
something that is fully obvious
right there in front of you
when your attention is
engaged in something or
someone else.”

Question 8

Exogenous
Attention

Answer 8

Exogenous attention is a passive,
transient, automatic, stimulus-
driven process. Peripheral cues,
presented near or at target
stimuli, used to guide exogenous
attention could be automatically
captured by salient stimuli

Question 9

Endogenous
Attention

Answer 9

Endogenous attention is
a voluntary, sustained, goal-
driven process. Information
that aligns with an
observer’s behavioral goals
are internally selected for
further processing

Question 10

Dichotic Listening (Change Deafness)

Answer 10

two audios = selective hearing can only follow one

Question 11

Selective Attention

Answer 11

Voluntarily attend to one source of information while ignoring or
excluding other ongoing messages.

Question 12

question of interest for selective attention

Answer 12

Under what circumstances will people shift their
attention to the ignored message?

Question 13

Under what circumstances will people shift their
attention to the ignored message?

Answer 13

when it semantically related to what you were originally paying attention too

Question 14

explain the shadowing task- what were the results

Answer 14

To
repeat a message out
loud as soon as it was
heard.
* In most experiments,
subjects were wearing
headphones. Different
messages were
presented to the two
ears. The subject’s
task is to shadow one
ear and ignore the
other. When the subject was busy shadowing a message from one ear, the
unattended message from the other ear was changed
- Subjects were quite accurate in producing “shadows” and reported
that the task was easy.
* The shadows were usually produced in a monotone voice, with little
intonational stress, and generally lagged behind the taped message
by a second or so.
* Subjects could not remember much about the shadowed message
- however Subjects could notice the following changes in the unattended
message:
- human speech was changed to a tone
- male voice was changed to female voice
* In general, subjects could notice changes in physical characteristics.
* Physical changes are drawing exogenous attention.
.

Question 15

when could subjects of the shadow task notice the change in the unattended message

Answer 15

Subjects could notice the following changes in the unattended
message:
- human speech was changed to a tone
- male voice was changed to female voice
* In general, subjects could notice changes in physical characteristics.
* Physical changes are drawing exogenous attention.

Question 16

when could subjects of the shadow task NOT notice the change in the unattended message

Answer 16

Word order in a sentence was reversed.
- English was changed to another language.
* Subjects were unable to identify words or phrases that had been on
the unattended message.
* A word presented 35 times was never recalled.
- failed to notice SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS

Question 17

In general, people failed to notice semantic characteristics, with the
following exceptions (shadow task)

Answer 17

Some (but not all) people could hear their names (the cocktail party
effect).
* When a word/phrase in the unattended message is highly relevant to
the context of the attended message, some people can hear that
word/phrase.
Example
* Attended: I am really very excited about ordering pepperoni nine tonight
* Unattended: Eight nine four eight nine six eight three pizza two

Question 18

The Stroop Effect (experiment)

Answer 18

Words such as RED GREEN BLUE YELLOW were presented visually to
subjects, written in mismatched colors of ink (RED printed in green
ink).
* Other words (e.g., vehicle, book) were also included.
* Subjects had to name the color of the ink in which the word was
printed.

Question 19

Physical & semantic
qualities do not interact

Answer 19

random words in colours

Question 20

Physical & semantic
qualities match

Answer 20

colour is written in the correct colour

Question 21

Physical & semantic
qualities mismatch

Answer 21

the colour is written in the incorrect colour

Question 22

what is the stroop effect

Answer 22

When the name of a color mismatched the color of the ink
(RED in green ink), subjects displayed a higher tendency to
say the name of the color than the color of the ink (i.e., it
was more likely for the subjects to say “red” than “green” in
this case)
To correctly name the color of the ink in this case, subjects
had to slow down processing.
* Time required to name the ink of 100 incongruent words =
100s; compared to only 60s for congruent words.

Question 23

explain the stroop effect

Answer 23

The meaning of a word and the physical characteristic of a
word are two different dimensions of processing (semantic
and sensory
When the meaning of a word has nothing to do with the
physical characteristic of the word (i.e., its color), the two
dimensions do not interfere with each other.
* When the meaning of a word is related to the physical
characteristic of the word (i.e., both are about color), the
two dimensions interfere with each other.

Question 24

what wins more attentions physical characteristics or semantics

Answer 24

semantics because it is automatic

Question 25

emotional stroop test proves that

Answer 25

This is exactly what researchers found. People with a mental disorder
were slower to name the colors of the words that were related to
their disorders (compared to some control words)
* These people have an attentional bias—they pay extra attention to
some features whereas other people normally don’t.

Question 26

emotional Stroop test argues that peoples attention is directed (involuntarily) to

Answer 26

words that induce their anxiety. At the moment they see the anxiety inducing words,
they stop paying attention to the color of the ink

Question 27

People with a mental disorder
were slower to name the colors of the words that were related to
their disorders (compared to some control words), this is

Answer 27

attentional bias - pay extra attention to some features whereas other people normally do not

Question 28

conjunction search

Answer 28

example shape and colour

Question 29

visual search becomes more difficult when _______ of a feature is involved

Answer 29

conjunction

Question 30

attentional spotlight can only be deployed locally therefore with conjunction viewer must apply

Answer 30

serial search

Question 31

which is faster conjunction or disjunction

Answer 31

disjunction

Question 32

Dual Processing

Answer 32

Attention is divided when an individual performs two or more tasks
simultaneous (dual processing/multitasking)

Question 33

If an individual can perform two (or more) tasks simultaneously and
maintain high level of performance on both tasks, what does it say about the tasks

Answer 33

either both tasks
are easy, or one of the tasks is easy.

Question 34

what happens when both tasks are difficult (with divided attention)

Answer 34

When both tasks are difficult, performance on both tasks suffer

Question 35

with the understanding of two hard tasks it can be concluded

Answer 35

that attention is actually not divided (cannot be)

Question 36

Hemineglect or hemi-inattention:

Answer 36

A disruption or decreased ability to look at something in the
(often) left field of vision and pay attention to it.
Hemi: half
Neglect or inattention: to ignore or to fail to perceive

Question 37

hemineglect people will only describe which side

Answer 37

right side

Question 38

the ______ memory of a hemineglect patients is affected
by their attentional disorder.

Answer 38

spatial

Question 39

Altered consciousness

Answer 39

A state that changes your subjective
perception of consciousness from how you typically experience it
- meditation
- - hypnosis
- drugs
- sleep

Question 40

Each state of consciousness has its unique pattern of brain waves.

Answer 40

true

Question 41

gamma rays

Answer 41

problem-solving concebtration

Question 42

beta

Answer 42

busy active mind

Question 43

alpha

Answer 43

reflective restful

Question 44

theta

Answer 44

Short bursts of irregular waves.
Light sleep; easily be aroused;
see fantastic images
dream

Question 45

delta

Answer 45

High voltage, regular patterns.
Slow-wave sleep: hard to wake
Less responsive to the
surroundings

Question 46

Brain activity during sleep

Answer 46

alpha- eyes closed mind relaxed
theta wave- short bursts of irregular waves, light sleep, easily aroused, see fantastic images
sleep spindles- sudden bursts of rapid brain activity
delta- high volt, regular, hard to wake
REM- rapid eye movements, alert awake mind

Question 47

sleep spindles

Answer 47

sudden bursts of rapid brain activity (unknown reason)
k complex- triggered by abrupt noises

Question 48

Parents in slow-wave sleep (deep
sleep) can be aroused by a baby’s
cries.
They can’t hear other sounds
that are louder but are less
relevant than the cries of the
baby.
why?

Answer 48

because the baby noise hgas meaning

Question 49

After about 90 minutes of sleep, the sleep cycle reverses. how many times does it repeat

Answer 49

This cycle
repeats about five times in eight hours

Question 50

why is REM a paradoxical sleep

Answer 50

A sleeping body with an
active brain

Question 51

some neurons are more active during REM sleep than during waking hours where are these neurons

Answer 51

occipital cortex and brain stem

Question 52

during REM most of the body’s muscles are

Answer 52

paralyzed

Question 53

deep sleep happens mostly when, when does REM sleep mostly occur

Answer 53

beginning and end