ch 8 top hat Flashcards
The word “tree” is an example of a(n) ________, whereas a picture of a tree is an example of a(n)
________
symbolic representation; analogical representation
Analogical representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.
Symbolic representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.
) do; do not
People believe that it is easier to get HTHHTT than HHHHHH. This misconception is driven by the
______.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) framing effec
B) representativeness heuristic
Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability
of Gabrielle’s being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are
using _____.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) gambler’s fallacy
B) representativeness heuristic
Tom is highly intelligent, but he is not genuinely creative. His writing is quite dull and mechanical. He
seems to have little feeling for other people, and he has little sympathy for their problems. He does not
like interacting with others.
Now Tom is a graduate student. You are trying to guess which faculty Tom is a member of. You decide
that he is a member of the engineering faculty (a very small faculty) rather than the social sciences
faculty (which has the largest number of graduate students) because he looks like an engineer. Later,
you find out that your decision is wrong. Tom is a graduate student in social sciences. You could have
made the correct decision if you had _____
D) paid attention to the base rates of events.
6
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- Gambler’s fallacy is a misconception driven by the _____
B) representativeness heuristic
- People are more likely to purchase a product advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. Which effect is
in operation?
A) Gambler’s fallacy.
B) Failing to pay attention to base rate.
C) Framing.
D) Anchoring
C) Framing.
. If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely
notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers
doing the same. In this case, the police officer’s judgments are biased by the operation of the ____.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) gambler’s fallacy
A) confirmation bias
When a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant, you send her to the place where you ate last
Saturday because it comes most quickly to mind. This way of thinking is an example of _____
A) confirmation bias.
B) the framing effect.
C) the anchoring effect.
D) the availability heuristic
D) the availability heuristic
You overestimate the number of bad instructors in the psychology department when your PSYC 200
instructor is terrible. This is an example of the ______.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) framing effect
C) availability heuristic
The following three questions are based on textbook section 8.10:
14. Charles Spearman (1904) found that most intelligence test items tended to cluster as one factor. In
an intelligence test, people scored highly on one type of item (e.g., math) tend to score highly on
other types of items (e.g., reading comprehension). This idea is known as ___
B) general intelligence
Someone who is very good at abstract reasoning but does not have a lot of general knowledge is
high in ________ intelligence. However, someone who has a lot of general knowledge but is not
very good at abstract reasoning is high in ________ intelligence
fluid; crystallized
Joel is fantastic at solving logic problems and analogies, but he does not have a very good
vocabulary and general knowledge. He could not find most countries on a map. Joel would probably
score ________ on a test of crystallized intelligence and ________ on a test of fluid intelligence
low, high
- In the adult population, a score of 100 in an IQ test (e.g., WAIS) would be:
A) High average
B) Perfect and very rare to find
C) An indication of genius
D) Better than or equal to 50% of people in the adult population
D) Better than or equal to 50% of people in the adult population
n a Binet-Simon intelligence test, a person’s test score is like the average of the six-year-old on this
test. What can be concluded
This person’s mental age is six years old.
. Which statement is true about the first intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon?
The goal of the test was to identify children who showed signs of retarded intellectual
development and needed special instructions.
Which scale is NOT a part of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
A) Full-Scale IQ
B) Creativity IQ
C) Verbal IQ
D) Performance IQ
B) Creativity IQ
- The modern intelligence testing movement began when ______ developed the first intelligence test
to measure cognitive disability in school children.
A) Gardner
B) Spearman
C) Wechsler
D) Binet
D) Binet
Based on the original intelligence quotient (IQ) formula, if a 10-year-old child had a mental age of 8,
this child’s IQ would be ______.
80
In addition to providing a total IQ score, the Wechsler intelligence tests provide separate ______ IQ
scores.
verbal & performance
José, who is 7 years old, takes the Stanford-Binet test and scores at the level of a 9-year-old. José’s
intelligence quotient would be ________, and José would be considered ________ in intelligence.
128; above average
Brianna received an overall IQ score of 117 on the Wechsler Scale. This number means that Brianna
has scored more than ________ standard deviation(s) ______ the mean
1; above
. If the majority of people score within one standard deviation of the mean on an IQ test, the scores
may range from ______
C) 85 to 115
. Lillian took the Binet-Simon intelligence test when she was 9-year-old. The test showed that Lillian’s
mental ability was typical of those at age 10. According to the IQ Reference Chart, Lillian is classified
as _______
) High Average
. In a conditional statement “if P, then Q,” modus tollens means _________
D) Q is not true *
Here is a reasoning problem: “Some vegetables have seeds. Some things that have seeds are fruits.
Therefore, some vegetables are fruits.” What kind of reasoning does this represent?
Syllogism
. Suppose that all the courses you have taken in a university are taught by a “doctor” (instructor with
a PhD. degree). For this reason, you think that all instructors in your university have a PhD. degree.
Your reasoning is an example of _____ reasoning
Inductive
. If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least
18 years of age. You learned that Will voted in the last presidential election. You logically conclude
that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning
Deductive
In conditional reasoning, a valid conclusion CANNOT be drawn based on which two types of
evidence?
1) Affirming the antecedent
2) Denying the antecedent
3) Affirming the consequence
4) Denying the consequence
2 & 3
A conditional statement can be presented as a syllogism. The followings are two examples:
Example A
If an animal is a robin, then it is a bird.
This animal is a bird.
Therefore, this animal is a robin.
Example B
If I study, then I will get a good grade.
I didn’t study.
Therefore, I didn’t get a good grade.
The conclusion in Example A is _____; the conclusion in Example B is _____
invalid; invalid
Consider the following syllogism:
All students are tired.
Some tired people are irritable.
Therefore, some students are irritable.
Which statement about this syllogism is true?
1) The conclusion is invalid even though it describes a believable and observable event.
2) The conclusion is valid because it describes a believable and observable event.
3) Only one conclusion is possible for this syllogism.
1
For which type of evidence do people exhibit the best performance in judging the validity of a
conclusion?
Affirming the antecedent
The concrete version of the Wason Selection Task demonstrates that when people _____, they
search for negative evidence (evidence that falsifies a rule).
A) are prompted to use inductive reasoning
B) are predisposed to adopt a skeptical attitude
C) are trained to think in a scientific way
D) become unhappy about a situation
B) are predisposed to adopt a skeptical attitude
Answer this question based on the following if-then condition (no more, no less):
If the ice melts, you must have heated it.
There is evidence showing that you have heated the ice. What kind of evidence is this?
Affirming the consequence
Answer this question based on the following if-then condition (no more, no less):
If the ice melts, you must have heated it.
There is evidence showing that you have heated the ice. Does the ice melt
It does or it does not (it is uncertain).
In a company, there is such a law: If nobody is in the office, the door should be closed.
You are the manager of this company, and you want to make sure that people are following this law.
Write down the cases that you need to check, and the cases that you do not need to check.
Need to check: _____________; Don’t need to check: _____________
Case 1: When you know that John is not in his office now.
Case 2: When you see that John’s door is closed.
Case 3: When you see that John’s door is open.
Case 4: When you know that John is in his office now
Cases 2 & 4
Given that:
All A are B.
No B are C.
What is the relationship between A and C?
No A are C.
Consider the following syllogism:
All women are mothers.
All mothers have at least one child.
Therefore, all women have at least one child.
Which statement about this syllogism is true?
The conclusion is valid even though it is empirically false.
Premise 1: All A are B.
Premise 2: All C are not A.
Conclusion: Therefore, all C are not B.
The conclusion is ____
B) invalid *
Premise 1: No A are B.
Premise 2: All C are A.
Conclusion: Therefore, no C are B.
The conclusion is ______
valid
