ch 8 top hat

Question 1

The word “tree” is an example of a(n) ________, whereas a picture of a tree is an example of a(n)
________

Answer 1

symbolic representation; analogical representation

Question 2

Analogical representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.
Symbolic representations ________ correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.

Answer 2

) do; do not

Question 3

People believe that it is easier to get HTHHTT than HHHHHH. This misconception is driven by the
______.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) framing effec

Answer 3

B) representativeness heuristic

Question 4

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability
of Gabrielle’s being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are
using _____.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) gambler’s fallacy

Answer 4

B) representativeness heuristic

Question 5

Tom is highly intelligent, but he is not genuinely creative. His writing is quite dull and mechanical. He
seems to have little feeling for other people, and he has little sympathy for their problems. He does not
like interacting with others.
Now Tom is a graduate student. You are trying to guess which faculty Tom is a member of. You decide
that he is a member of the engineering faculty (a very small faculty) rather than the social sciences
faculty (which has the largest number of graduate students) because he looks like an engineer. Later,
you find out that your decision is wrong. Tom is a graduate student in social sciences. You could have
made the correct decision if you had _____

Answer 5

D) paid attention to the base rates of events.

Question 6

6

Question 7

7

Question 8

8. Gambler’s fallacy is a misconception driven by the _____

Answer 8

B) representativeness heuristic

Question 9

9. People are more likely to purchase a product advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat. Which effect is
   in operation?
   A) Gambler’s fallacy.
   B) Failing to pay attention to base rate.
   C) Framing.
   D) Anchoring

Answer 9

C) Framing.

Question 10

. If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely
notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers
doing the same. In this case, the police officer’s judgments are biased by the operation of the ____.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) gambler’s fallacy

Answer 10

A) confirmation bias

Question 11

When a friend asks you to recommend a restaurant, you send her to the place where you ate last
Saturday because it comes most quickly to mind. This way of thinking is an example of _____
A) confirmation bias.
B) the framing effect.
C) the anchoring effect.
D) the availability heuristic

Answer 11

D) the availability heuristic

Question 12

You overestimate the number of bad instructors in the psychology department when your PSYC 200
instructor is terrible. This is an example of the ______.
A) confirmation bias
B) representativeness heuristic
C) availability heuristic
D) framing effect

Answer 12

C) availability heuristic

Question 13

The following three questions are based on textbook section 8.10:
14. Charles Spearman (1904) found that most intelligence test items tended to cluster as one factor. In
an intelligence test, people scored highly on one type of item (e.g., math) tend to score highly on
other types of items (e.g., reading comprehension). This idea is known as ___

Answer 13

B) general intelligence

Question 14

Someone who is very good at abstract reasoning but does not have a lot of general knowledge is
high in ________ intelligence. However, someone who has a lot of general knowledge but is not
very good at abstract reasoning is high in ________ intelligence

Answer 14

fluid; crystallized

Question 15

Joel is fantastic at solving logic problems and analogies, but he does not have a very good
vocabulary and general knowledge. He could not find most countries on a map. Joel would probably
score ________ on a test of crystallized intelligence and ________ on a test of fluid intelligence

Answer 15

low, high

Question 16

7. In the adult population, a score of 100 in an IQ test (e.g., WAIS) would be:
   A) High average
   B) Perfect and very rare to find
   C) An indication of genius
   D) Better than or equal to 50% of people in the adult population

Answer 16

D) Better than or equal to 50% of people in the adult population

Question 17

n a Binet-Simon intelligence test, a person’s test score is like the average of the six-year-old on this
test. What can be concluded

Answer 17

This person’s mental age is six years old.

Question 18

. Which statement is true about the first intelligence test developed by Binet and Simon?

Answer 18

The goal of the test was to identify children who showed signs of retarded intellectual
development and needed special instructions.

Question 19

Which scale is NOT a part of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
A) Full-Scale IQ
B) Creativity IQ
C) Verbal IQ
D) Performance IQ

Answer 19

B) Creativity IQ

Question 20

21. The modern intelligence testing movement began when ______ developed the first intelligence test
    to measure cognitive disability in school children.
    A) Gardner
    B) Spearman
    C) Wechsler
    D) Binet

Answer 20

D) Binet

Question 21

Based on the original intelligence quotient (IQ) formula, if a 10-year-old child had a mental age of 8,
this child’s IQ would be ______.

Answer 21

80

Question 22

In addition to providing a total IQ score, the Wechsler intelligence tests provide separate ______ IQ
scores.

Answer 22

verbal & performance

Question 23

José, who is 7 years old, takes the Stanford-Binet test and scores at the level of a 9-year-old. José’s
intelligence quotient would be ________, and José would be considered ________ in intelligence.

Answer 23

128; above average

Question 24

Brianna received an overall IQ score of 117 on the Wechsler Scale. This number means that Brianna
has scored more than ________ standard deviation(s) ______ the mean

Answer 24

1; above

Question 25

. If the majority of people score within one standard deviation of the mean on an IQ test, the scores
may range from ______

Answer 25

C) 85 to 115

Question 26

. Lillian took the Binet-Simon intelligence test when she was 9-year-old. The test showed that Lillian’s
mental ability was typical of those at age 10. According to the IQ Reference Chart, Lillian is classified
as _______

Answer 26

) High Average

Question 27

. In a conditional statement “if P, then Q,” modus tollens means _________

Answer 27

D) Q is not true *

Question 28

Here is a reasoning problem: “Some vegetables have seeds. Some things that have seeds are fruits.
Therefore, some vegetables are fruits.” What kind of reasoning does this represent?

Answer 28

Syllogism

Question 29

. Suppose that all the courses you have taken in a university are taught by a “doctor” (instructor with
a PhD. degree). For this reason, you think that all instructors in your university have a PhD. degree.
Your reasoning is an example of _____ reasoning

Answer 29

Inductive

Question 30

. If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least
18 years of age. You learned that Will voted in the last presidential election. You logically conclude
that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning

Answer 30

Deductive

Question 31

In conditional reasoning, a valid conclusion CANNOT be drawn based on which two types of
evidence?
1) Affirming the antecedent
2) Denying the antecedent
3) Affirming the consequence
4) Denying the consequence

Answer 31

2 & 3

Question 32

A conditional statement can be presented as a syllogism. The followings are two examples:
Example A
If an animal is a robin, then it is a bird.
This animal is a bird.
Therefore, this animal is a robin.
Example B
If I study, then I will get a good grade.
I didn’t study.
Therefore, I didn’t get a good grade.
The conclusion in Example A is _____; the conclusion in Example B is _____

Answer 32

invalid; invalid

Question 33

Consider the following syllogism:
All students are tired.
Some tired people are irritable.
Therefore, some students are irritable.
Which statement about this syllogism is true?
1) The conclusion is invalid even though it describes a believable and observable event.
2) The conclusion is valid because it describes a believable and observable event.
3) Only one conclusion is possible for this syllogism.

Answer 33

1

Question 34

For which type of evidence do people exhibit the best performance in judging the validity of a
conclusion?

Answer 34

Affirming the antecedent

Question 35

The concrete version of the Wason Selection Task demonstrates that when people _____, they
search for negative evidence (evidence that falsifies a rule).
A) are prompted to use inductive reasoning
B) are predisposed to adopt a skeptical attitude
C) are trained to think in a scientific way
D) become unhappy about a situation

Answer 35

B) are predisposed to adopt a skeptical attitude

Question 36

Answer this question based on the following if-then condition (no more, no less):
If the ice melts, you must have heated it.
There is evidence showing that you have heated the ice. What kind of evidence is this?

Answer 36

Affirming the consequence

Question 37

Answer this question based on the following if-then condition (no more, no less):
If the ice melts, you must have heated it.
There is evidence showing that you have heated the ice. Does the ice melt

Answer 37

It does or it does not (it is uncertain).

Question 38

In a company, there is such a law: If nobody is in the office, the door should be closed.
You are the manager of this company, and you want to make sure that people are following this law.
Write down the cases that you need to check, and the cases that you do not need to check.
Need to check: _____________; Don’t need to check: _____________
Case 1: When you know that John is not in his office now.
Case 2: When you see that John’s door is closed.
Case 3: When you see that John’s door is open.
Case 4: When you know that John is in his office now

Answer 38

Cases 2 & 4

Question 39

Given that:
All A are B.
No B are C.
What is the relationship between A and C?

Answer 39

No A are C.

Question 40

Consider the following syllogism:
All women are mothers.
All mothers have at least one child.
Therefore, all women have at least one child.
Which statement about this syllogism is true?

Answer 40

The conclusion is valid even though it is empirically false.

Question 41

Premise 1: All A are B.
Premise 2: All C are not A.
Conclusion: Therefore, all C are not B.
The conclusion is ____

Answer 41

B) invalid *

Question 42

Premise 1: No A are B.
Premise 2: All C are A.
Conclusion: Therefore, no C are B.
The conclusion is ______

Answer 42

valid