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PSYC 200 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

explain materialism

A

behaviour can be fully explained by the working of the brain and the rest of the nervous system without any need to refer to the mind

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2
Q

explain mentalism

A

of the mind; an explanation of behaviour as a function of the mind

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3
Q

stimulus to physiology is the ______. Physiology to perception is ________

A

causation.
correlation

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4
Q

brain and behavior are related how?

A

the brain affects behaviour and behaviour affects the brain

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5
Q

neurons

A

the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system

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6
Q

glial cells make up how much of the brain

A

50%

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7
Q

how many glial cells are there for every 1 neuron

A

10

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8
Q

what do glial cells do

A

support, nourish neurons and remove their waste

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9
Q

what are the three types of neurons

A

motor neuron
interneuron
sensory neuron

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10
Q

what is the function of a neuron

A

receive, integrate and transmit information

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11
Q

what neuron receives the stimulus

A

sensory neuron

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12
Q

what neuron is the effector

A

motor neuron

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13
Q

what are the three parts of all neurons

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon

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14
Q

function of the dendrites in a neuron

A

to receive information

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15
Q

describe the axon and what it does

A

a long, thin fibre that transmits signals away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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16
Q

where is the cell body in the sensory neuron

A

middle (between schwann cell and myelin sheath)

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17
Q

Axons are always wrapped in myelin sheath

A

not all but many

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18
Q

what does myeline sheath do

A

speeds up signal transmission along an axon

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19
Q

what is myeline sheath derived from

A

glial cells

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20
Q

degeneration of myelin sheath will lead to

A
  • ineffective signal transmission
  • multiple sclerosis
  • loss of muscle control
  • weakness and paralysis
  • vision difficulties
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21
Q

an axon end in a ______ ______. which is filled with

A

terminal button filled with neurotransmitters (a kind of chemical messengers)

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22
Q

the cell membrane of n axon is

A

semipermeable

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23
Q

The connection between two neurons or a neuron and an effector is called

A

a synapse

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24
Q

Na and K are pumped in what manner across the membrane in different rates?

A

back and forth

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25
Q

what does the different in flow rates of Na and K across the membrane do

A

slightly higher concentration of negatively charged ions inside the cell

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26
Q

what is the resting potential of an axon

A

-70 millivolts

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27
Q

The action potential

A

is a sudden change in voltage. when a neuron is stimulated a brief jump occurs, spike can be observed on the voltmeter

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28
Q

what happens in resting potential

A

NA/K pump

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29
Q

what happens in deploraization

A

voltage-gated Na channel (allowing Na to rush in)
- negativity of the membrane potential is reduced

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30
Q

what happens in repolrization

A

voltage gated K channel

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31
Q

Depolarization in myelinated neurons means that action occurs only in

A

nodes of Ranvier

32
Q

In depolarization, the negativity of the membrane potential is _____ (increased or decreased)

A

decrease, making it less negative

33
Q

A depolarization between -70mV and -55mV shows what effects

A

none

34
Q

when the negativity of a membrane potential. is reduced to less than ____ mV, an action potential occurs

A

-55mV

35
Q

Repolarization is when

A

the transmembrane potential reaches 35mV, and the voltage-gated Na+ channels close while the voltage-gated K channels open, allowing K to rush out the membrane

36
Q

During repolarization the negativity of the membrane potential ____ (increases or decreases)

A

increases, making it more negative

37
Q

The membrane potential overshoots to ___ mV (in repolarization) when the K channels close before returning to resting position of -70mV

A

-90mV

38
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

The time in between firing neuron action potentials
(last 1 to 2 milliseconds)

39
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

a time when neurons can fire, but their threshold for firing is elevated, making a more intense stimulation required to initiate an action potential

40
Q

The All or None Law

A

neural impulse is an all-or-none proposition, the neuron either fires or doesn’t. That means when it fires, the action potentials are all the same (a weaker stimuli does not produce a smaller action potential)

41
Q

according to the all-or-nothing law, a stronger stimulus will cause neurons to

A

fire more frequently than a weaker stimulus

42
Q

According to the all-or-none law, thicker axons transmit impulses ____ than thinner ones do

A

more rapidly

43
Q

what is a synapse

A

connection between the end of the axon of one neuron and the dendritic spine of the other neuron

44
Q

Excitatory transmitters cause

A

depolarization

45
Q

excitatory transmitters increase or decrease the likelihood of an action potential

A

increase (inside of receiving neuron becomes more positive)

46
Q

Inhibitory transmitters causes

A

hyperpolarization

47
Q

inhibitory transmitters increase or decrease the likelihood of action potential

A

decrease (inside of a receiving neuron becomes more negative)

48
Q

in the case of a Convergent synaptic transmission

A

a post-synaptic neuron receives signals from multiple pre-synaptic neurons some are excitatory (positive) and some are inhibitory (negative). the summation of the strengths and directions will produce a graded (not all or nothing) post synaptic potential

49
Q

when a neurotransmitter and a receptor molecule combine reactions in the cell membrane cause a

A

postsynaptic potential (PSP)
- a voltage change at a receptor site on a post-synaptic cell membrane

50
Q

Postsynaptic potential (PSP) follows the all or none law . t or f

A

false because it is a summation of many signals from the pre-synaptic neurons

51
Q

Excitatory PSP (EPSP) has a ____ voltage shift, which does what to the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

A

positive shift, which increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potential

52
Q

Inhibitory PSP (IPSP) is a ____ shift, which does what to the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials

A

negative which decreases the likelihood

53
Q

what is dopamines function

A

to influence movement, learning, and attention and emotion

54
Q

what is serotonin functions

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

55
Q

explain dopamine malfunctions

A

excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia; when starved of dopamine the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson’s disease

56
Q

example the malfunctions of serotonin

A

undersupply linked to depression; Prozac and some other antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels

57
Q

Explain the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A

amphetamine and cocaine create schizophrenia-like symptoms by increasing dopamine activity at the dopamine synapses acting as an agonist

58
Q

explain agonist

A

a drug that mimics or enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter

59
Q

explain Antagonist with an example

A

a drug that blocks or reduces the effects of a neurotransmitter. Chlorpromazine is used to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia

60
Q

plasticity of synapses means

A

the capability of change in response to environment or learning which synapses can do

61
Q

what invokes the plasticity of synapses. what are the three different ways they can change

A

repetitive exposure to the same stimulus can bring long-lasting change in synapses
1. they can change the release of neurotransmitters
2. they can grow new synaptic connections
3. they modify their structures

62
Q

what produces changes in the neurotransmitter release

A

learning two types
1. habituation - a simple form of learning in which the strength of a response to a certain stimulus becomes weaker with repeated presentations of that stimulus
2. sensitization - an enhanced response to a stimulus

63
Q

habituation explained

A

calcium channels become less responsive to voltage changes. the influx of calcium in response to an action potential decreases, resulting in fewer neurotransmitters released at the presynaptic membrane, therefore less depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

64
Q

sensitization explained

A

Sensitization makes the K channels less responsive and slower to open. This prolongs an action’s potential, which results in more Ca influx and increased transmitter release. more neurotransmitters released at the presynaptic membrane. greater depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

65
Q

explain why sensitization is the opposite of habituation

A

in sensitization, the change takes place in the potassium channels and then calcium channels. in habituation it takes place in the calcium channels

66
Q

frontal lobe function

A

thinking, memory, behaviour, and movement

67
Q

parietal lobe function

A

language and touch

68
Q

temporal lobe function

A

hearing, learning and feelings

69
Q

brain stem function

A

breathing heart rate and temperature

70
Q

occipital lobe function

A

sight

71
Q

cerebellum function

A

balance and coordination

72
Q

hypothalamus function

A

regulates body function

73
Q

amygdala function

A

emotion

74
Q

basal ganglia function

A

movement and reward

75
Q

thalamus function

A

sensory gateway

76
Q

hippocampus function

A

memory

PSYC 200 (15 decks)

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