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PSYC 200 > chapter 6 textbook > Flashcards

chapter 6 textbook Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

“ relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience. Learning occurs when an animal benefits from experience so that it is better adapted to its environment and more prepared to deal with it in the future”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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2
Q

three types of learning

A

nonassociative
associative
social

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3
Q

social learning

A

“involves acquiring behaviors and predictive associations between stimuli or events through interactions with others.

”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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4
Q

“The sound of a dentist’s drill makes you nervous. What type of learning produced your fear”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

associative learning

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5
Q

Habituation

A

“leads to a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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6
Q

“The increase in a response because of a change in something familiar is ”

A

dishabituation

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7
Q

“ much of what psychologists have learned about nonassociative learning has come from studying simple invertebrates such as

A

“Aplysia, a type of marine snail”
“Habituation can be demonstrated quite easily by touching the animal repeatedly, which initially causes it to withdraw its gills. After about 10 touches, it stops responding, and this lack of response lasts about 2 to 3 hours. Repeated habituation trials can lead to a state of habituation that lasts several weeks.”
.

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8
Q

Sensitization

A

“leads to an increase in a behavioural response after exposure to a stimulus.”

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9
Q

“The stimuli that most often lead to sensitization are those that are

A

meaningful to the animal

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9
Q

“What is the primary difference between habituation and sensitization?”

A

“Habituation decreases a behavioral response, whereas sensitization increases a behavioral response.

”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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10
Q

“classical conditioning, also known as

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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11
Q

“Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was interested in

A

salivary reflex

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12
Q

neutral stimulus

A

“unrelated to the salivary reflex, such as the clicking of a metronome, is presented along with a stimulus that reliably produces the reflex, such as food. The neutral stimulus can be anything that the animal can see or hear as long as it is not something that is usually associated with being fed”

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13
Q

conditioning trial

A

the pairing of a neutral stimulus

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14
Q

unconditioned response

A

it is unlearned
(salvation by food)

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15
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

the food - without training, the food leads to salivation (UR)

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16
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

“the stimulus that elicits a learned reaction”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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17
Q

“However, the CR and the UR are not always identical:

A

The CR usually is weaker than the UR. In other words, the metronome sound produces less saliva than the food does

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18
Q

“What is the difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“An unconditioned stimulus elicits an involuntary (unconditioned) response without learning. A conditioned stimulus comes to elicit an involuntary (conditioned) response by being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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19
Q

Acquisition

A

“is the formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus (here, a metronome) and an unconditioned stimulus ”

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20
Q

extinction

A

“The conditioned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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21
Q

through _____ ____ the extinguished CS again produces a CR

A

spontaneous recovery

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22
Q

“The fact that spontaneous recovery occurs tells us”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“that extinction replaces the associative bond but does not eliminate that bond. Extinction is a form of new learning that overwrites the previous association: The animal learns that the original association no longer holds true”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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23
Q

“What leads to the extinction of a conditioned response?”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“Answer: repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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24
Q

mental processes that underlie conditioning (2)

A

“ (1) Classical conditioning is a way that animals come to predict the occurrence of events, and
(2) the strength or likelihood of a CR is determined by how accurately the CS predicts the US. ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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25
Q

“The Rescorla-Wagner model states ”

A

“ that an animal learns to expect that some predictors (potential CSs) are better than others”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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26
Q

“according to the Rescorla-Wagner model, whether a conditioned association is acquired, maintained, strengthened, or extinguished is determined by”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“the extent to which a US, or its absence, is unexpected or surprising. Learning theorists refer to the difference between the expected and actual outcomes as prediction error.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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27
Q

prediction error is considered a positive prediction error happens when

A

something unexpected happens or to a further extent

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28
Q

negative prediction weakens the

A

CS-US association

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29
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

“A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it holds that learning is determined by the extent to which an unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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30
Q

“What produces a prediction error?”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“Answer: a difference between the expected outcome and the actual one, strengthening or weakening the CS-US association

”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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31
Q

“ Stimulus generalization occurs when

A

“ Stimulus generalization occurs when stimuli similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR (FIGURE 6.11a). Generalization is adaptive because in nature the CS is seldom experienced repeatedly in an identical way”
.

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32
Q

“Stimulus discrimination occurs whenn

A

“an animal learns to differentiate between two similar stimuli if one is consistently associated with the US and the other is not”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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33
Q

second-order condition
micheal jordan example

A

“Through classical conditioning Michael Jordan (the CS) came to evoke positive feelings (the CR) because of his athletic achievements (the US). Once he acquired these qualities, Air Jordans (the new CS) also became popular (the CR) because they were paired with Michael Jordan (the old CS).

”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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34
Q

“Which learning process helps you react differently toward flying insects that sting than toward those that do not sting while hiking in the woods?”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

stimulus discrimination

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35
Q

“Operant conditioning requires a

A

“Operant conditioning requires a voluntary action to be performed and has a consequence.

”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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36
Q

“In operant conditioning, behaviors represent a way to”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

A

“In operant conditioning, behaviors represent a way to attain something (a reward) or avoid something (a punishment). They are instrumental—done for a purpose (FIGURE 6.13). This type of learning is sometimes called instrumental conditioning, but we will refer to it here as operant conditioning.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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37
Q

“operant to express the idea that ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“operant to express the idea that animals operate on their environments to produce effects”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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38
Q

law of effect was done with the experiment of

A

“Thorndike used puzzle boxes, such as the one depicted here, (b) to assess learning in animals.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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39
Q

cat in puzzle box

A

strugglle for 5-10 mintutes
- accidentally open with lever string
- when returned to the box, it would open a bit more quickly, a bit quicker ever time

40
Q

what is the law of effect

A

“ any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again. Any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again. In other words, the frequency with which a behavior occurs is influenced by its consequences.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

40
Q

reinforcement

A

“an observable event that produces an observable learned response”

41
Q

behaviourism- made by Watson was a school that emphasized

A

“environmental effects on observable behaviors”

42
Q

reinforcer

A

“A reinforcer is a stimulus that occurs after a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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43
Q

operant chamber (Skinner box)

A

“he could expose rats or pigeons to repeated conditioning trials without having to do anything but observe”
“Skinner later built mechanical recording devices that allowed the experimenter to conduct trials without being present. Today’s operant chambers interface with computers to enable researchers to record behavioral data”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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44
Q

Reinforcement always

A

increases behaviour

45
Q

“ Positive reinforcement is often called a reward. Positive simply means”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“that something is being added, not whether the reinforcement is good. ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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46
Q

“ negative reinforcement increases behavior through”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“ negative reinforcement increases behavior through”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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47
Q

“Punishment reduces the probability that a behavior will”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

recur

48
Q

“ Positive punishment decreases the behavior’s probability through”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“the administration of a stimulus ”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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49
Q

“Research has shown that for punishment to be effective, it must be”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“Research has shown that for punishment to be effective, it must be reasonable, unpleasant, and applied immediately so that the relationship between the unwanted behavior and the punishment is clear”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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50
Q

which is more effective reinforcement or punishment

A

reinforcement because the message in punishment can be confusing. for example child telling the truth get punished teaching them to lie

51
Q

“Punishing the child for bad behavior does not tell the child how to ”

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Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

improve

52
Q

most ineffective form of punishment

A

punishment

53
Q

key difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“the animal must perform an action that can then be reinforced.”

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54
Q

if the animal does not naturally perform the task

A

“, you cannot reinforce it. ”

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Elizabeth A. Phelps
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55
Q

“One major problem with operant conditioning outside the Skinner box is

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“ that the same animal might take a while to perform the action you are looking for.”

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Elizabeth A. Phelps
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56
Q

SECONDARY REINFORCERS

A

“Stimuli that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs are called secondary reinforcers. These reinforcers are established through classical conditioning, as described earlier in this chapter: We learn to associate a neutral stimulus, such as money (CS), with rewards such as food, security, and power (US”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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57
Q

shaping

A

“Shaping, an operant-conditioning technique, consists of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. This technique can be used to train animals to perform extraordinary behaviors. Here, a trained dog water-skis for a boat show.”

58
Q

primary reinforcers.

A

“The most obvious stimuli that act as reinforcers are those necessary for survival, such as food or water. Because they satisfy biological needs”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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59
Q

“In terms of learning, what is the main cause of superstitious behavior?”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

receiving chance reinforcement

60
Q

“ reinforcers are more valuable to the animal than others, and the ________of a reinforcer in operant conditioning is a function of its value”

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Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

effectiveness

61
Q

“how could a reinforcer’s value could be determined”
(premark principle)
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A

“ The key is the amount of time a person, when free to do anything, willingly engages in a specific behavior associated with the reinforcer. ”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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62
Q

“One great advantage of Premack’s theory is that it ”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“One great advantage of Premack’s theory is that it can account for differences in individuals’ values.”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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63
Q

premack principle

A

“ a more-valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less-valued activity. Parents use the Premack principle all the time. They tell their children, “Eat your spinach and then you’ll get dessert,” “Finish your homework and then you can go out,”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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64
Q

“Another factor that predicts the effectiveness of operant conditioning is the”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“Another factor that predicts the effectiveness of operant conditioning is the”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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65
Q

“The longer the delay between the action and its consequence, the worse the”

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A

learning

66
Q

“. Temporal discounting is when

A

“Temporal discounting is when the value of a reward diminishes over time. For instance, suppose I offered you a choice between $10 now or $20 a year from now.”“In other words, the value of money is diminished if the reinforcement is delayed. Temporal discounting plays an important role in efforts to achieve long-term goals.”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
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67
Q

“Why might delaying positive reinforcement be less effective?

”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
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A

Answer: temporal discounting

68
Q

“Gambling is a form of”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

“Gambling is a form of operant conditioning in that the patron learns the actions required to obtain a potential reward”

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Elizabeth A. Phelps
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69
Q

“For fast learning, it is best to reinforce a behavior each time it occurs. This process is known as”

A

continuous reinforcement.

70
Q

“In the real world, behavior is seldom reinforced continuously. People do not receive praise each time they behave acceptably. ” what is more common, what us the type of reinforcement

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A

“People do not receive praise each time they behave acceptably. The intermittent reinforcement of behavior is more common. This process is known as partial reinforcement.”

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71
Q

“Partial reinforcement’s effect on conditioning depends on”

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A

“Partial reinforcement’s effect on conditioning depends on”

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72
Q

“A ratio schedule is based on the ”

A

number of times the behavior occurs, as when a behavior is reinforced on every third or tenth occurrence. ”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
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73
Q

“ four most common reinforcement schedules:”

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A

“fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, and variable ratio (FIGURE 6.21).”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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74
Q

“ interval schedule is based on”

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A

“specific unit of time, as when a behavior is reinforced when it is performed every minute or hour”

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75
Q

“A fixed interval (FI) schedule occurs when”

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A

“A fixed interval (FI) schedule occurs when reinforcement is provided after a certain amount of time has passed. Imagine that you feed your cat twice a day.”
monte knowing his feeeding schedule
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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
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76
Q

“A variable interval (VI) schedule occurs when”

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A

“A variable interval (VI) schedule occurs when reinforcement is provided after the passage of time, but the time is not regular. Although you know you will eventually be reinforced, you cannot predict when it will happen. For example, getting texts from friends occurs on a variable interval schedul”

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77
Q

“A fixed ratio (FR) schedule occurs when”

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A

“reinforcement is provided after a certain number of responses have been made. Factory workers who are paid based on the number of objects they make are a good example of the FR schedule. ”

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Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
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78
Q

“A variable ratio (VR) schedule occurs when ”

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A

“A variable ratio (VR) schedule occurs when reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable number of responses. Games of chance provide an excellent example of a VR schedule. At a casino, you might drop a lot of money into a slot machine that rarely rewards you with a win.”

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79
Q

“continuous reinforcement leads to fast learning, but the behaviors ….

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A

do not last

80
Q

“ partial-reinforcement extinction effect”

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A

“ refers to the greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement. During continuous reinforcement, the learner can easily detect when reinforcement has stopped. But when the behavior is reinforced only some of the time, the learner needs to repeat the behavior comparatively more times to detect the absence of reinforcement”

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81
Q

“less frequent and more variable the reinforcement during training, the _____ the resistance to extinction.”

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Elizabeth A. Phelps
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A

greater

82
Q

“What type of partial reinforcement produces the most persistent responses?”

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A

variable ratio schedule

83
Q

“if the schedule is predictable it is

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A

fixed

84
Q

“If the schedule is not predictable, it is ”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

A

variable

85
Q

“f the schedule depends on the passage of time, it is”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

A

interval

86
Q

“If the schedule depends on the number of responses, it is”

Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.

A

ratio

PSYC 200 (15 decks)

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