chapter 6 textbook Flashcards
learning
“ relatively enduring change in behavior resulting from experience. Learning occurs when an animal benefits from experience so that it is better adapted to its environment and more prepared to deal with it in the future”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
three types of learning
nonassociative
associative
social
social learning
“involves acquiring behaviors and predictive associations between stimuli or events through interactions with others.
”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“The sound of a dentist’s drill makes you nervous. What type of learning produced your fear”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
associative learning
Habituation
“leads to a decrease in a behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus. ”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“The increase in a response because of a change in something familiar is ”
dishabituation
“ much of what psychologists have learned about nonassociative learning has come from studying simple invertebrates such as
“Aplysia, a type of marine snail”
“Habituation can be demonstrated quite easily by touching the animal repeatedly, which initially causes it to withdraw its gills. After about 10 touches, it stops responding, and this lack of response lasts about 2 to 3 hours. Repeated habituation trials can lead to a state of habituation that lasts several weeks.”
.
Sensitization
“leads to an increase in a behavioural response after exposure to a stimulus.”
“The stimuli that most often lead to sensitization are those that are
meaningful to the animal
“What is the primary difference between habituation and sensitization?”
“Habituation decreases a behavioral response, whereas sensitization increases a behavioral response.
”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“classical conditioning, also known as
Pavlovian conditioning
“Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, was interested in
salivary reflex
neutral stimulus
“unrelated to the salivary reflex, such as the clicking of a metronome, is presented along with a stimulus that reliably produces the reflex, such as food. The neutral stimulus can be anything that the animal can see or hear as long as it is not something that is usually associated with being fed”
conditioning trial
the pairing of a neutral stimulus
unconditioned response
it is unlearned
(salvation by food)
unconditioned stimulus
the food - without training, the food leads to salivation (UR)
conditioned stimulus
“the stimulus that elicits a learned reaction”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“However, the CR and the UR are not always identical:
The CR usually is weaker than the UR. In other words, the metronome sound produces less saliva than the food does
“What is the difference between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus?”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“An unconditioned stimulus elicits an involuntary (unconditioned) response without learning. A conditioned stimulus comes to elicit an involuntary (conditioned) response by being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
Acquisition
“is the formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus (here, a metronome) and an unconditioned stimulus ”
extinction
“The conditioned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus ”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
through _____ ____ the extinguished CS again produces a CR
spontaneous recovery
“The fact that spontaneous recovery occurs tells us”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“that extinction replaces the associative bond but does not eliminate that bond. Extinction is a form of new learning that overwrites the previous association: The animal learns that the original association no longer holds true”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“What leads to the extinction of a conditioned response?”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.
“Answer: repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus”
Excerpt From
Psychological Science (Seventh Edition)
Elizabeth A. Phelps
This material may be protected by copyright.