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**Host and Defense > Tolerance and Transplantation > Flashcards

Tolerance and Transplantation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 fundamental problems when considering transplantations?

A
  1. Transplant must perform its functions
  2. Transplant and recipient health must be maintained
  3. Recipient immune system must not reject the transplant
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2
Q

Name the two transplantation types

A
  1. Solid organ

2. Blood

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3
Q

What are the two types of blood transplants?

A
  1. Bone marrow/hematopoitic stem cell

2. Transfusion

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4
Q

T/F Transplants are permanent solutions

A

False

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5
Q

What is the most common organ transplant?

A

Kidney

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6
Q

Name the 4 types of transplants

A
  1. Autologous
  2. Syngeneic
  3. Allogeneic
  4. Xenogenic
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7
Q

Define autologous

A

Donor and recipient are the same individual

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8
Q

Define syngeneic

A

Donor and recipient are genetically identical

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9
Q

Define allogeneic

A

Donor and recipient are genetically different but of the same species

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10
Q

Define Xenogenic

A

Donor and recipient are of a different species

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11
Q

Name the 3 types of organ rejection

A
  1. Hyperacute
  2. Acute
  3. Chronic
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12
Q

What type of organ rejections are associated with type III hypersensitivity?

A

Chronic

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13
Q

Which type of organ rejection is associated with type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Acute

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14
Q

Which type of organ rejection is associated with type II hypersensitivity?

A

Hyperacute

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15
Q

The time frame for hyperacute organ rejection is what?

A

minutes to hours

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16
Q

Which organ rejection is associated with blood type alloantibodies?

A

Hyperacute

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17
Q

What type of cells are involved in Acute organ rejection?

A

CD4 and CD8 T cells

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18
Q

Which type of rejection is associated with HLA mismatches?

A

Acute

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19
Q

Which rejection is chronic transplant inflammation?

A

chronic

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20
Q

Most transplants are ______

A

Allogeneic

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21
Q

What is the biggest predictor of transplant success?

A

Histocompatibility between donor and recipient

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22
Q

What three things affect the histocompatibility of donor and recipient?

A
  1. Blood type
  2. Major HLA genes
  3. Minor HLA genes
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23
Q

What two things improve survival rates?

A
  1. Donor matching

2. Immunosuppressants

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24
Q

What is the most common transplantation?

A

Blood transfusions

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25
Q

When was the first blood transfusion/transplant performed?

A

1812

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26
Q

T/F blood transfusions are a transient transplant

A

True

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27
Q

How often can you donate blood?

A

Whole blood: every 56 days

Plasma: every 28 days

Platelets: Every 15 days

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28
Q

What are the 3 blood fractions most commonly transfused?

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Plasma
  3. Platelets
29
Q

What are some things that make a blood transfusion easier than a organ transfusion

A
  1. Readily donated by healthy individuals
  2. Simple and inexpensive compared to solid organ transplant
  3. Erythrocytes do not express MHC 1 an 2
    • no HLA matching
30
Q

What type of antigens dictate blood type transfusion success?

A

ABO antigens

31
Q

T/F ABO antigens are oligosaccharides

A

true

32
Q

What express antigens similar to A and B?

A

Gut bacteria

33
Q

What type of hypersensitivity do we need to be worried about with a blood transfusion?

A

Type II

34
Q

Which Solid organ transplants can be done from live, healthy donors?

A
  1. Kidney

2. Liver

35
Q

T/F you can get transplants from cadavers

A

True

36
Q

T/F Transplant tissues must be alive and healthy

A

True

37
Q

The transplant recipient is in a state of ______

A

inflammation

38
Q

T/F the degree of match between donor and recipient varies with tissue type

A

True

39
Q

What type of match do you need for a cornea transplant?

A

No matching or immunosuppression

40
Q

What type of match do you need for a Liver transplant?

A

Only blood type match

41
Q

What type of match do you need for a kidney transplant?

A

HLA and blood type match

42
Q

ABO and rhesus incompatibility would lead to what type of rejection?

A

Hyperacute

43
Q

Pre-existing anti-HLA class I antibodies would lead to which type of rejection?

A

Hyperacute

44
Q

T/F Hyperacute rejection leads to reversible organ loss

A

False, irreversible organ loss

45
Q

How would you prevent a hyperacute reaction?

A

compatibility assessment

46
Q

Direct and indirect ______ leads to graft rejection

A

Allorecognition

47
Q

Acute rejection would be associated with what type of Allorecognition?

A

Direct

48
Q

Chronic rejection would be associated with what type of allorecognition?

A

Indirect

49
Q

What antigens are involved in Allorecognition?

A

HLA class I and II antigens

Minor HLA antigens

50
Q

How would direct allorecognition cause acute rejection?

A

Transplant dendritic cells activate recipient T cells

51
Q

In Direct allorecognition that causes acute rejection you have direct ____ Interaction, independent of _______

A
  1. MHC

2. Peptide

52
Q

What is the time frame for Acute rejection due to Direct allorecognition?

A

Days to weeks

53
Q

________ Activates T cells directly

A

Allogeneic

54
Q

Activated transplant dendritic cells express ___ which lead to activating a _______ response

A
  1. B7

2. CD8 and CD4 Th1

55
Q

Antibodies against transplant MHC I cause _________

A

Chronic rejection

56
Q

Progressive loss of blood and nutrient supply would be indicative of what kind of rejection?

A

Chronic rejection from antibodies against transplant MHC I

57
Q

What type of transplantations Could be said to reset the blood system?

A

Bone marrow/hematopoietic stem cells

58
Q

T/F Donor and recipient must share some HLA class I and II haplotypes

A

True

59
Q

Hematopoietic transplants cause what type of disease?

A

Graft-Versus-Host Disease

60
Q

Define graft versus host disease?

A

Transplant adaptive immune cells target and kill recipient tissues

61
Q

What are the most pronounced problems in GVHD?

A
  • GI
  • Liver
  • Skin problems
62
Q

GVHD can be beneficial in what way?

A

For fighting cancer

63
Q

Donor T cells cause

A

Acute DVHD

64
Q

Alloreactive _______ cells can kill recipient _______

A
  1. Natural killer cells

2. Leukemia

65
Q

What suppresses NF-kB transcriptional activity?

A

Corticosteroids

66
Q

Immunosuppression targets what ?

A

T cell activation

67
Q

Name two drugs that inhibit T cell activation?

A
  1. Cyclosporin

2. Tacrolimus

68
Q

Name two drugs that prevent T cell survival and proliferation?

A
  1. Belatacept

2. Anti-CD25

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

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