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**Host and Defense > Health care associated infections > Flashcards

Health care associated infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Infection acquired during an acute care hospitalization

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2
Q

When are nosocomial infections usually identified?

A

> 48-72 hours following admission

*Excludes infection incubating at admission

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3
Q

What is colonization?

A

-Presence or carriage of microorganisms on a body surface without causing disease

Example: MRSA nasal carriage

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4
Q

What is infection?

A

-Invasion of body tissues by microorganisms resulting in disease (clinical signs and symptoms)

Example: MRSA blood stream infection

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5
Q

What are the categories of organisms that cause HAIs in healthcare settings?

A
  1. Exogenous vs. Endogenous
  2. Pathogenic vs. Commensal
  3. Multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO)
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6
Q

What are two types of MDROs?

A
  1. Selection for due to antibiotic exposure

2. ‘Shared’ via cross-transmission

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7
Q

What are the top 4 HAI causing organisms is U.S. acute care hospitals?

A
  1. C. Diff
  2. S. Aureus
  3. Klebsiella spp.
  4. E. Coli
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8
Q

What are the links in the chain of infection for HAIs?

A
  1. Organism
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Transmission
  5. Portal of Entry
  6. Vulnerable hosts
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9
Q

What are the two links in the chain of infection that the healthcare workers can control?

A
  1. Transmission

2. Portal of entry

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10
Q

What puts hospitalized patients at risk for HAIs?

A

-Exposure to exogenous organisms from health care workers or contaminated shared equipment

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11
Q

According to the WHO, what are the 5 moments that indicate you should wash your hands?

A
  1. Before touching a patient
  2. Before clean/aseptic procedure
  3. After body fluid exposure
  4. After touching patient
  5. After touching patient surroundings
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12
Q

What are the standard body substance precautions?

A
  1. Hand hygiene with all patients

2. Wear appropriate PPE for the nature of interaction and anticipated body fluid exposure

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13
Q

What pathogens can be transmitted by direct/indirect contact?

A
  1. MRSA
  2. VRE
  3. CRE
  4. C. Diff
  5. Norovirus, RSV, etc.
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14
Q

What pathogens can be transmitted via droplets/splashes?

A
  1. Neisseria meningitidis
  2. Pertussis
  3. H. Flu
  4. Influenza
  5. RSV
  6. Other respiratory viruses
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15
Q

What are some airborne pathogens/diseases that can cause HAIs?

A
  1. TB
  2. Chicken pox
  3. Measles
  4. Influenza?
  5. SARS? (novel coronavirus)
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16
Q

What interventions give endogenous organisms the opportunity to invade?

A
  • Surgery
  • Invasive devices
    • Urinary catheter
    • Vascular catheter
    • Ventilators
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17
Q

What are 3 important ways to prevent HAIs in a dental setting?

A
  1. Reduce Bloodborne pathogen exposures
  2. Sterilization and disinfection
  3. Dental unit water quality
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18
Q

Give 3 examples of blood borne viruses that can be transmitted in a healthcare setting

A
  1. Hep B virus
  2. Hep C virus
  3. HIV
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19
Q

T/F Bloodborne viruses can produce chronic infection and are often carried by persons unaware of their infection

A

True

20
Q

What are two things associated with risk of blood borne exposure?

A
  1. Includes bodily fluids that can be contaminated with blood (like saliva)
  2. Type of exposure is important (needlestick vs. contact with intact skin)
21
Q

What is the prevalence of HCV infection among dentists?

A

Similar to general population (about 1-2%)

22
Q

What are the various ways that BBP exposures can occur?

A
  1. Manipulate needle during or after use
  2. Recap needle
  3. Use sharp to transfer specimen into container
  4. Needle not disposed in puncture-resistant sharps container
  5. Work quickly
  6. Bump into a needle/sharp or other worker while either holding a sharp
  7. Splash to eyes/nose/mouth without face protection
23
Q

What are the 3 levels of classification for instruments and equipment?

A
  1. Critical
  2. Semi-critical
  3. Non-Critical
24
Q

Which BBP would you have a 30% chance of getting via needle stick?

A

HBV

*10% of those develop into chronic infection

25
Q

Which BBP would give you a 3% chance of getting it via needle stick?

A

HCV

*85% of those become chronic infection

26
Q

Which BBP would you have a 0.3% chance of getting via needle stick?

A

HIV

*100% of these develop into chronic infections

27
Q

For which BBP is there an effective vaccine and effective post exposure treatment?

A

HBV

28
Q

For which BBP infection is there no vaccine and no good post exposure treatment?

A

HCV

*Still treat if become infected

29
Q

For which BBP is there no vaccine but there is effective post exposure treatment?

A

HIV

*You should get the post exposure treatment asap

30
Q

What defines the critical classification of instsruments?

A

Penetrate mucous membranes or contact bone, blood, or normally sterile tissues

31
Q

What are examples of critical instruments?

A
  1. Surgical instruments
  2. Scalpel blades
  3. Dental burs
32
Q

What should you do with critical instruments to keep them safe?

A

Heat sterilize between use or use sterile single-use, disposable devices

33
Q

What defines a Semi-critical instrument?

A

Contact mucous membranes but do not penetrate soft tissue

34
Q

What are some examples of semi-critical instruments?

A
  1. Dental mouth mirrors
  2. Amalgam condensers
  3. Dental hand pieces
35
Q

How should semi-critical instruments be treated to keep their usage safe?

A

Heat sterilize or high-level disinfect

36
Q

What defines a non-critical instrument?

A

Contact intact skin

37
Q

Give some examples of Non-critical instruments

A
  1. X-ray heads

2. Blood pressure cuff

38
Q

How should non-critical instruments be treated to keep their usage safe?

A

Clean and disinfect using a low to intermediate level disinfectant

39
Q

The processing area for instruments should be divided into what 4 areas?

A
  1. Receiving, cleaning, and decontamination
  2. Preparation and packaging
  3. Sterilization
  4. Storage
40
Q

What are the 3 options for automated cleaning of instruments?

A
  1. Ultrasonic cleaner
  2. Instrument washer
  3. Washer-disinfector
41
Q

What should you do to manually clean instruments?

A
  1. Soak until ready to clean

2. Wear heavy-duty gloves, mask, eyewear, protective clothing

42
Q

Which type of instruments should be wrapped or placed in containers before heat sterilization?

A

Critical and semi-critical

43
Q

What are the 3 types of indicators for sterilization monitoring?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
  3. Biological
44
Q

Which indicator for sterilization measures time, temperature, and pressure?

A

Mechanical

45
Q

Which type of indicator for sterilization presents a change in color when physical parameter is reached?

A

Chemical

46
Q

Which indicator for sterilization uses biological spores to assess sterilization directly?

A

Biological (spore tests)

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

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