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**Host and Defense > Induced Immunity: Cellular Responses and Cytokines > Flashcards

Induced Immunity: Cellular Responses and Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two innate immunity effector pathways?

A
  1. Immediate

2. Induced

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2
Q

What are the effector functions of Immediate innate immunity?

A
  1. Barriers
  2. Antimicirobial peptides
  3. Opsonization
  4. Inflammation
  5. Cellular recruitment
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3
Q

What are the 3 aspects of Opsonization?

A
  1. Isolation
  2. Pore Formation
  3. Targeting
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4
Q

What are the induced effector functions?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Targeted killing
  3. Antimicrobial Peptides
  4. Cytokine Release
  5. Inflammation
  6. Cellular recruitment
  7. B and T cell activation
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5
Q

List the local tissue resident immune cells

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Mast cells
  4. Specialized T cells
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6
Q

What are the pro-inflammatory signaling molecules?

A
  1. Cytokines
  2. Eicosanoids
  3. Acute phase response
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7
Q

Under what circumstances would you see an interferon response?

A

Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues

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8
Q

Under what conditions would you get altered MHC expression?

A

Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues

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9
Q

What are the steps of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Healthy skin is not inflamed
  2. Surface wound introduces bacteria, which activates resident effector cells to secrete cytokines
  3. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue
  4. The infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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10
Q

What are the general factors involved in the initiation of the induced immunity?

A
  1. Local, tissue resident immune cells
  2. Complement system
  3. Pro-inflammatory signaling
  4. Infected, damaged, or diseased tissues
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11
Q

Macrophages are derived from ______

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

What do you call resident macrophages in the brain?

A

Microglia

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13
Q

What do you call resident macrophages in bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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14
Q

What do you call resident macrophages in the liver?

A

Kupffer cells

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15
Q

What do you call resident macrophages in the skin?

A

Langerhans cells

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16
Q

What do Macrophages do?

A
  • Induce and direct inflammation
  • Activate adaptive immune system (T cells)
  • Initiation of immune responses
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17
Q

What are the effector mechanisms used by machrophages?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Cytokine release
  3. Degranulation
  4. Antigen presentation
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18
Q

What is an example of Innate immune cells recognizing extracellular patterns?

A

Macrhophage receptors recognize the cell-surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells but not those of human cells

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19
Q

What is an example of innate immune cells recognizing intracellular patterns?

A

NK cell receptors recognize changes at the surface of human cells that are caused by viral infection

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20
Q

T/F Pattern Recognition Receptors are present on most innate cells

A

TRUE

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21
Q

Pattern recognition receptors have both local and direct activation T/F

A

TRUE

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22
Q

List the common pattern recognition receptors that are macrophage receptors

A
  1. Mannose receptor
  2. Complement Receptors 3 and 4
  3. Dectin-1
  4. Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure
  5. Scavenger Receptor A
  6. Scavenger receptor B
  7. Lipopolysaccharide receptor
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23
Q

What would you associate CD206 with?

A

Mannose receptor

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24
Q

What would you associate Mac-1, CD11b or CD18 with?

A

Complement receptors 3 and 4

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25
Q

What is MARCO?

A

Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure

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26
Q

What is CD36?

A

Scavenger receptor B

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27
Q

What is CD14?

A

Lipopolysaccharide receptor

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28
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Pathogen Internalization and Destruction

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29
Q

What are the innate phagocytic cells?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Neutrophils
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30
Q

What are the steps of Phagocytosis?

A
  1. Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called Pseudopodia
  2. Bacterium is Ingested, forming phagosome
  3. Phagosome fuses with lysosome
  4. Bacterium is killed and then digested by lysosomal enzymes
  5. Digestion products are released from the cell
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31
Q

Which of the macrophage receptors is a Beta-glucan receptor?

A

Dectin-1

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32
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

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33
Q

Toll-like receptors activate _______

A

Macrophages

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34
Q

T/F Toll like receptors are expressed widely throughout the immune system

A

TRUE

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35
Q

What is required for Toll like receptor (TLR) Activation?

A

Dimerization

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36
Q

What are the two types of Dimerization?

A
  1. Heterodimerization

2. Homodimerization

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37
Q

How would Heteodimerization occur?

A

Binding of 2 TLRs to the same lipopeptide induces dimerization, bringing their cytoplasmic TIR domains into close proximity

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38
Q

TLR signaling intitiates _________ through _______

A
  1. Cytokine prouction

2. NF-kB

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39
Q

What do NOD receptors detect?

A

Degraded Antigens

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40
Q

What does NOD stand for?

A

Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain

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41
Q

T/F Inflammosomes are formed by NOD receptors

A

TRUE

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42
Q

NOD receptors induce ________

A

Cytokine expression and release

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43
Q

NOD receptors recognize intracellular ________

A

PAMPs and DAMPs

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44
Q

What are some examples of intracellular PAMPs or DAMPs recognized by NOD receptors?

A
  • Microbial Toxins
  • Viruses
  • Cell stress proteins
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45
Q

T/F NOD receptors cooperate with TLRs

A

TRUE

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46
Q

What does NOD receptor recognition of bacterial cell wall components lead to?

A

Activation of NFkB

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47
Q

Inflammasomes activate and promote __________

A

Cytokine release

48
Q

T/F Inflammasomes function as somewhat of a checkpoint

A

TRUE

49
Q

What type of activity do Inflammasomes have?

A

Proteolytic

50
Q

What effect do inflammsomes have on other pro-inflammatory activity?

A

They enhance it

51
Q

Inflammasomes drive ________

A

Cytokine release

52
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signaling molecules of the immune system

53
Q

Are cytokines soluble or insoluble?

A

Mostly soluble

54
Q

What type of signaling do cytokines predominantly use?

A

Paracrine and autocrine

55
Q

Give some examples of the nomenclature of Cytokines

A
  • Interleukins
  • Chemokines
  • etc
56
Q

Name the 6 families of cytokines

A
  1. Class I
  2. Class II
  3. Interleukin 1
  4. Interleukin 17
  5. TNF
  6. Chemokines
57
Q

What is the classification of the 6 families of interleukins based on?

A

Receptor Morphology

58
Q

T/F Cytokines only effect immune tissues

A

FALSE, the effect immune and non-immune tissues

59
Q

What are the common intracellular signaling pathways associated with Cytokines?

A
  1. JAK-STAT
  2. MAPK
  3. NF-kB
60
Q

T/F Macrophages can release Inflammatory cytokines

A

TRUE

61
Q

Give 5 examples of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

A
  1. IL-12
  2. CXCL8
  3. IL-6
  4. TNF-alpha
  5. IL-1Beta
62
Q

IL-1B, IL-6, and TNF-a have systemic effects in which areas of the body?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Bone Marrow Endothelium
  3. Hypothalamus
  4. Fat, muscle
  5. Dendritic cells
63
Q

What do inflammatory cytokines stimulate in the liver?

A

Liver Acute Phase response

64
Q

Cytokines can also intitiate leukocyte recruitment T/F

A

TRUE

65
Q

What are the steps of cytokines Initiating leukocyte recruitment?

A
  1. Cytokines produced by macrophages cause dilation of local small blood vessels
  2. Leukocytes move to periphery of blood vessel as a result of increased expression of adhesion molecules by endothelium
  3. Leukocytes extravasate at site of infection
  4. Blood clotting occurs in the microvessels
66
Q

What are the 3 things that Extravasation depends on?

A
  1. Chemokines
  2. Adhesion Molecules
  3. Proteases
67
Q

What are chemoattractants?

A

Chemokines

68
Q

What would you consider Tether leukocytes to be?

A

Adhesion molecules

69
Q

What would consider molecules that open the ebasement membranes like MMPs and Elastases?

A

Proteases

70
Q

What do chemokine gradients do?

A

recruit cells to tissues

71
Q

Leukocytes Extravasate to where?

A

The site of inflammation

72
Q

How do Leukocytes such as Neutrophils exit the blood and enter the tissue at the sit of inflammation?

A
  1. Chemokine receptor activation leads to binding
  2. Binding Triggers protease release
  3. Basement membrane degradation and chemokines induce diapedesis and tissue entry
73
Q

What does excessive plasma TNF-a cause?

A

Septic shock syndrome

74
Q

Describe Toxic Shock syndrome from excessive TNF-a in plasma

A
  • Often initiated by blood-borne infection
  • Systemic extravasation
  • Systemic Neutrophil infiltration
  • Vascular Collapse
  • Rapid Multi-organ failure
75
Q

What is the primary cell of the induced response?

A

Neutrophils

76
Q

What are the effector mechanisms of neutrophils?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Degranulation
  3. Extracellular Traps
  4. Cytokine Release
77
Q

What is the relative size of neutrophils?

A

They are small but numerous

78
Q

What are the 4 neutrophil granule types?

A
  1. Azurophil Granules
  2. Specific Granules
  3. Gelatinase Granules
  4. Secretory Granules
79
Q

What two purposes are served by Granules?

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Degranulation

80
Q

Which innate immune cell is associated with an oxidative burst?

A

Neutrohpils

81
Q

Dendritic cells intitiate _________

A

Adaptive immunity

82
Q

Are Dendritic cells resident in tissue?

A

Yes

83
Q

Dendritic cells are derived from _______

A

Monocytes

84
Q

Describe the range of PRRs of dendritic cells

A
  • They have an enormous range of PRRs

- Different PRRs induce different responses

85
Q

T/F Dendritic cells are phagocytes

A

TRUE

86
Q

How are Dendritic cells associated with antigens?

A
  • Process pathogens into antigens

- Present antigens to lymphocytes

87
Q

T/F Dendritic cells perform cytokine regulation

A

TRUE

88
Q

What targets infected, diseased, and stressed cells?

A

Natural Killer Cells

89
Q

Which cells would you describe as Large, cytotoxic lymphocytes?

A

NK cells

90
Q

NK cells have diverse combinations of ___________ and ___________ receptors

A
  1. Activating

2. Inhibitory

91
Q

NK cells target and kill _________

A

Diseased self cells

92
Q

Which cells respond to interferons, MHC class I and Unique stress ligands?

A

NK cells

93
Q

NK cells regulate the shift from _______ to _______

A
  1. Induced innate

2. Adaptive immune

94
Q

Bone marrow education selects __

A

Functional receptor patterns

95
Q

What causes the interferon response?

A

Viral infections

96
Q

What is RLR?

A

Retinoic-acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor

97
Q

What is MAV?

A

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein

98
Q

What are interferons?

A

They are cytokines

99
Q

When acting as cytokines, what do interferons do?

A
  1. Reduce viral replication
  2. Prevent cell division
  3. Induce Apoptosis
  4. Activate NK cells, T cells, Macrophages
100
Q

What releases Interferons?

A

Diseased or stressed cells

**Intracellular infection or cancer

101
Q

Aside from diseased or distressed cells, what else can release interferons?

A

Leukocytes

102
Q

How many types of Interferons are there?

A

3

103
Q

What are the type I interferons?

A
  1. IFN-alpha
  2. IFN-Beta
  3. IFN-E
  4. IFN-K
  5. IFN-w
104
Q

What are the type II interferons?

A

IFN-y

105
Q

What are the Type III interferons?

A

IFN-upside down y

106
Q

Interferons activate ________

A

NK cells

107
Q

DC cells locally activate _________

A

NK cells

108
Q

During a large NK response what happens to the DC presentation?

A

It is inhibited

109
Q

During a small NK response what happens to DC cells?

A

They are activated

110
Q

Granulocytes protect _______

A

Local tissues

111
Q

Where do you find Granulocytes?

A

Predominant in tissues, rare in the blood

112
Q

What do granulocytes respond to?

A

Parasitic organisms

113
Q

Granulocytes are responsible for intitiating _________

A

Type I hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

114
Q

What do Granulocytes do when activated?

A

Degranulate

*Cell-type specific granule components

115
Q

Granulocytes express PRRs which are _______

A

Often primed by prior adaptive responses

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

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