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**Host and Defense > Emerging and Zoonotic Infections > Flashcards

Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zoonotic pathogen?

A

An infection that naturally occurs in an insect or an animal host that subsequently can also infect humans

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2
Q

From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get salmonella?

A

Handling:

  1. Amphibians
  2. Reptiles
  3. Birds
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3
Q

From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Shiga-like toxin producing E. coli?

A
  1. Petting zoos

2. Farm animal exposure

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4
Q

From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Rabies?

A

Bite of an infected animal

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5
Q

From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Lyme disease–Borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Tick bite

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6
Q

From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Tick bite

*Rickettsia rickettsi

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7
Q

From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get West Nile virus?

A

Mosquito bite

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8
Q

In what 3 ways can a pathogen be “emerging”?

A
  1. A new infection, never before seen
  2. An infection that is known , but newly emerging in new hosts or geographies
  3. An infection that has always been there but not tested for
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9
Q

How would you contract HIV?

A
  1. Sexual transmission

2. Blood products

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10
Q

How would you contract cryptosporidium?

A

Contaminated water

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11
Q

How would you contract Microsporidia?

A
  1. Contaminated water

2. Aerosolized spores

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12
Q

How would you contract Hep C?

A
  1. Blood

2. IV drug use

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13
Q

How would you contract Naegleria foleri?

A

Lake water exposure in the nostrils

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14
Q

How would you contract Ebola virus?

A
  1. Infected human body fluids

2. Animals

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15
Q

How would you contract Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome?

A

Human to human respiratory via animal exposure

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16
Q

How would you contract Dengue virus?

A

Mosquito bite

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17
Q

What 4 human activities could possibly play a role in emerging zoonotic diseases?

A
  1. Habitat disruption or restoration
  2. Exotic foods
  3. Global travel
  4. Food globalization
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18
Q

Name 4 recent emerging infections

A
  1. Chickungunya virus
  2. Zika virus
  3. Cyclospora cayetanensis
  4. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
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19
Q

Which virus from the 4 recent emerging infections is the only one that is not zoonotic?

A

Cyclospora Cayetanensis

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20
Q

What type of virus is Chickungunya?

A

+ sense ssRNA

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21
Q

T/F Chickungunya is a Flavivirus

A

False, it is an alphavirus

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22
Q

What disease is closely related to chickungunya and is serologically cross reactive?

A

O’nyong’nyong

  • Other alpha viruses include:
  • Eastern and Western Equine encephalitis
23
Q

What family of virus does Chikingunya belong to?

A

Togoviridae

24
Q

Greater than or equal to 50% of chickungunya cases result in what?

A

Long-lasting, relapsing arthralgia

25
Q

What is the incubation period for Chickungunya?

A

3-7 days

26
Q

What are the symptoms of Chickungunya?

A
  1. High fever (>102)
  2. Severe joint pain/stiffness
  3. Rash
  4. Fatigue
  5. Nausea/vomiting
27
Q

What is the fatality rate of chickungunya globally?

A

1/1000

28
Q

List some recent outbreaks of chickungunya?

A
  1. 1999-2000: Dem Rep of Congo
  2. 2006: La Reunion
  3. 2006: India
  4. 2009: Thailand
29
Q

How is chickungunya transmitted?

A

Aedes Aegypti Mosquito

*Also vector for Dengue, zika, and yellow fever viruses

30
Q

What vector is responsible for the current american outbreak of chickungunya?

A

Aedes aegypti only

31
Q

Why would the east/central/south African strain of chickungunya be a problem?

A

It has two mutations and can be carried by two vectors:

  1. Aedes aegypti
  2. Aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito

The second one is a very aggressive and thermotolerant mosquito so it bites a lot and can live in a lot of places around the globe. It has 32 endemic states compated to 14 for aegypti

32
Q

What are two things that can help in the diagnoses of chickungunya?

A
  1. IgM antibody detection

2. RT-PCR

33
Q

IgM detection for chickungunya is most sensitive _____ weeks post-symptoms

A

3-5

*often detectable 10-14 days, wanes at 2 months

34
Q

When can you do a rapid diagnostic with PCR?

A

If you are really early in symptoms

35
Q

What kind of a virus is Zika?

A

Flaviviridae positive sense ssRNA

36
Q

What is the vector for zika virus?

A

Aedes spp. mosquito

37
Q

What is the main symptom that should make you think Zika virus?

A

Conjunctivitis

38
Q

T/F Zika is a deadly disease if you get it

A

False, it is typically mild and not an emergency, death is rare

*many asymptomatic cases are suspected

39
Q

What are the mechanisms of transmission for zika?

A
  1. Infected Mosquito bite
  2. Blood transfusions
  3. Sexual transmission
  4. Congenital infection
40
Q

T/F For person to person transmission, Zika has to be transmitted sexually

A

False, there was a reported case of it being transmitted non-sexually

41
Q

There are several things we don’t know about zika virus, what are the ones he wrote in red?

A
  1. No evidence for transmission through breastmilk
  2. We don’t know why the outbreaks are happening now or what environmental factors are contributing to zika outbreak and microcephaly
42
Q

What is the diagnostic testing for zika virus?

A

IgM antibody capture ELISA

*do this >5-7 days after symptom onset

43
Q

T/F Direct transmission of zika between patients is possible

A

True

44
Q

T/F Cyclospora can be asymptomatic?

A

True

45
Q

When are the oocysts of cyclosporum infective?

A

Not when they are shed, they have to mature in the environment

46
Q

What is the treatment for cyclosporum?

A

Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole

47
Q

What is the risk for cyclosporum in a dental clinic?

A

No risk for dental clinic

48
Q

What type of a virus is MERS?

A

Coronaviridae

Positive sense ssRNA virus

49
Q

Caregivers and household contacts can become infected with MERS T/F

A

True

50
Q

Where does MERS come from?

A

Bats and camels

51
Q

What emergent disease is a high risk in dental clinics?

A

MERS and Ebola

*Zika may require precautions

52
Q

Contact with what would give you ebola?

A

Patient body fluids are highly infectious

*Tears, blood, sweat, vomit, feces

53
Q

What would you classify cyclospora as?

A

Coccidian protozoa (parasite)

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

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