Emerging and Zoonotic Infections Flashcards
What is a zoonotic pathogen?
An infection that naturally occurs in an insect or an animal host that subsequently can also infect humans
From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get salmonella?
Handling:
- Amphibians
- Reptiles
- Birds
From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Shiga-like toxin producing E. coli?
- Petting zoos
2. Farm animal exposure
From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Rabies?
Bite of an infected animal
From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Lyme disease–Borrelia burgdorferi?
Tick bite
From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Tick bite
*Rickettsia rickettsi
From what zoonotic sources would you potentially get West Nile virus?
Mosquito bite
In what 3 ways can a pathogen be “emerging”?
- A new infection, never before seen
- An infection that is known , but newly emerging in new hosts or geographies
- An infection that has always been there but not tested for
How would you contract HIV?
- Sexual transmission
2. Blood products
How would you contract cryptosporidium?
Contaminated water
How would you contract Microsporidia?
- Contaminated water
2. Aerosolized spores
How would you contract Hep C?
- Blood
2. IV drug use
How would you contract Naegleria foleri?
Lake water exposure in the nostrils
How would you contract Ebola virus?
- Infected human body fluids
2. Animals
How would you contract Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome?
Human to human respiratory via animal exposure
How would you contract Dengue virus?
Mosquito bite
What 4 human activities could possibly play a role in emerging zoonotic diseases?
- Habitat disruption or restoration
- Exotic foods
- Global travel
- Food globalization
Name 4 recent emerging infections
- Chickungunya virus
- Zika virus
- Cyclospora cayetanensis
- Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
Which virus from the 4 recent emerging infections is the only one that is not zoonotic?
Cyclospora Cayetanensis
What type of virus is Chickungunya?
+ sense ssRNA
T/F Chickungunya is a Flavivirus
False, it is an alphavirus
What disease is closely related to chickungunya and is serologically cross reactive?
O’nyong’nyong
- Other alpha viruses include:
- Eastern and Western Equine encephalitis
What family of virus does Chikingunya belong to?
Togoviridae
Greater than or equal to 50% of chickungunya cases result in what?
Long-lasting, relapsing arthralgia
What is the incubation period for Chickungunya?
3-7 days
What are the symptoms of Chickungunya?
- High fever (>102)
- Severe joint pain/stiffness
- Rash
- Fatigue
- Nausea/vomiting
What is the fatality rate of chickungunya globally?
1/1000
List some recent outbreaks of chickungunya?
- 1999-2000: Dem Rep of Congo
- 2006: La Reunion
- 2006: India
- 2009: Thailand
How is chickungunya transmitted?
Aedes Aegypti Mosquito
*Also vector for Dengue, zika, and yellow fever viruses
What vector is responsible for the current american outbreak of chickungunya?
Aedes aegypti only
Why would the east/central/south African strain of chickungunya be a problem?
It has two mutations and can be carried by two vectors:
- Aedes aegypti
- Aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito
The second one is a very aggressive and thermotolerant mosquito so it bites a lot and can live in a lot of places around the globe. It has 32 endemic states compated to 14 for aegypti
What are two things that can help in the diagnoses of chickungunya?
- IgM antibody detection
2. RT-PCR
IgM detection for chickungunya is most sensitive _____ weeks post-symptoms
3-5
*often detectable 10-14 days, wanes at 2 months
When can you do a rapid diagnostic with PCR?
If you are really early in symptoms
What kind of a virus is Zika?
Flaviviridae positive sense ssRNA
What is the vector for zika virus?
Aedes spp. mosquito
What is the main symptom that should make you think Zika virus?
Conjunctivitis
T/F Zika is a deadly disease if you get it
False, it is typically mild and not an emergency, death is rare
*many asymptomatic cases are suspected
What are the mechanisms of transmission for zika?
- Infected Mosquito bite
- Blood transfusions
- Sexual transmission
- Congenital infection
T/F For person to person transmission, Zika has to be transmitted sexually
False, there was a reported case of it being transmitted non-sexually
There are several things we don’t know about zika virus, what are the ones he wrote in red?
- No evidence for transmission through breastmilk
- We don’t know why the outbreaks are happening now or what environmental factors are contributing to zika outbreak and microcephaly
What is the diagnostic testing for zika virus?
IgM antibody capture ELISA
*do this >5-7 days after symptom onset
T/F Direct transmission of zika between patients is possible
True
T/F Cyclospora can be asymptomatic?
True
When are the oocysts of cyclosporum infective?
Not when they are shed, they have to mature in the environment
What is the treatment for cyclosporum?
Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
What is the risk for cyclosporum in a dental clinic?
No risk for dental clinic
What type of a virus is MERS?
Coronaviridae
Positive sense ssRNA virus
Caregivers and household contacts can become infected with MERS T/F
True
Where does MERS come from?
Bats and camels
What emergent disease is a high risk in dental clinics?
MERS and Ebola
*Zika may require precautions
Contact with what would give you ebola?
Patient body fluids are highly infectious
*Tears, blood, sweat, vomit, feces
What would you classify cyclospora as?
Coccidian protozoa (parasite)
