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**Host and Defense > Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

How are hypersensitivity reactions defined?

A

By effector mechanisms

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2
Q

T/F Proteins or glycoproteins could be considered Allergens

A

True

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3
Q

Allergens have enzymatic activity and are often _______

A

proteases

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4
Q

Describe the presence of allergens at mucosal surfaces

A

Low, persistent concentrations at mucosal surfaces

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5
Q

Give two examples of potential inhaled allergens

A
  1. Plant pollen

2. Dust mite feces

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6
Q

Give two examples of injected allergens

A
  1. Insect venom

2. Drugs

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7
Q

Give two examples of ingested allergens

A
  1. Peanuts

2. Shellfish

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8
Q

List some general steps as to how someone would become allergic to pollen

A
  1. First exposure to pollen
  2. Extraction of antigen
  3. Activation of antigen-specific T cells
  4. Production of IgE and its binding to mast cells
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9
Q

What is the mechanism of a Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Allergen induces cross-linking of IgE bound to mast cells and basophils with release of vasoactive mediators

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10
Q

What are the typical manifestations of type I hypersensitivity?

A

Could include:

  1. Systemic anaphylaxis
  2. Localized anaphylaxis

Such as:

  • Hay fever
  • Asthma
  • Hives
  • Food allergies
  • Eczema
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11
Q

What are the components of a typical adaptive immune response against helminth worms?

A
  1. T cells
  2. Cytokines
  3. Antibodies
  4. Effector cells
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12
Q

In a typical adaptive response to helminth worms, what are the T cells involved?

A

Th2 cells

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13
Q

In a typical adaptive response to helminth worms, what are the cytokines involved?

A

IL: 3, 4, 5 9, 10, 13

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14
Q

In a typical adaptive response to helminth worms, what are the antibodies involved?

A

IgE
IgG1
IgG4

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15
Q

In a typical adaptive response to helminth worms, what are effector cells involved?

A

Expanded populations of:

  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Mast cells
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16
Q

What is the biological effect of the enzymes released by mast cells?

A

Remodel connective tissue matrix

17
Q

Mast cell activation and degranulation affects what three major areas of teh body?

A
  1. GI tract
  2. Airways
  3. Blood vessels
18
Q

How does Mast cell activation and degranulation affect the GI tract?

A
  1. Increased fluid secretion
  2. Increased peristalsis

These lead to the expulsion of GI contents by diarrhea and/or vomitin

19
Q

How does Mast cell activation and degranulation affect the airways?

A
  1. Decreased diameter
  2. Increased mucus secretion

This leads to expulsion of airway contents through coughing, sneezing, and expulsion of phlegm

20
Q

How does Mast cell activation and degranulation affect the Blood vessels?

A
  1. Increased blood flow
  2. Increased permeability

This leads to edema and inflammation, increased flow of antigens in lymph to lymph noodes

21
Q

In mast cell activation and degranulation, which cytokines stimulate and amplify Th2 cell response?

A

IL 4 and 13

22
Q

In mast cell activation and degranulation, which cytokines promote eosinophil production and activation?

A

IL: 3 and 5

GM-CSF

23
Q

In mast cell activation and degranulation, what chemokine attractsmonocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils?

A

CCL3

24
Q

What are the lipid mediators in Mast cells activation and degranulation?

A
  1. Leukotrienes: C4, D4, and E4

2. Platelet-activating factor

25
Q

Which lipid mediator of mast cells:

  1. Cause smooth muscle contraction
  2. Increase vascular permeability
  3. Cause mucus secretion?
A

Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4

26
Q

Which lipid mediator of mast cells:

  1. Attracts leukocytes
  2. Amplifies production of lipid mediators
  3. Activates neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets?
A

Platelet-activating factor

27
Q

T/F Major basic protein also poisons mammilian cells

A

true

28
Q

What are the cytokines involved in eosinophil degranulation?

A

IL: 3.5

GM-CSF

29
Q

For Eosinphil degranulation, what amplifies eosinophil production by bone marrow and causes eosinophil activation?

A

IL 3, 5

GM-CSF

30
Q

What chemokine promotes influx of leukocytes in eosinophil activation and degranulation?

A

CXCL8

31
Q

T/F the Lipid mediators for eosinophil activation and degranulation are the same as for mast cells

A

true

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

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