Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

**Host and Defense > Lower Respiratory Infections > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of the triad of infectious disease?

A
  1. Host
  2. Environment
  3. Pathogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What would be considered to fall under the category of “Host”?

A
  1. Anatomic Defenses
  2. Innate Immunity
  3. Acquired Immunity
    • Humoral
    • Cell-mediated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What would fall under the category of “environment”?

A
  1. Humans
  2. Animals
  3. Occupational
  4. Travel
  5. Setting
  6. Inoculum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What would fall under the category “pathogen”?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Mycobacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Viruses
  5. Protozoa
  6. Metazoans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is virulence?

A

The ability to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is required for the diagnoses of pneumonia?

A

Chest X-Ray showing parenchymal infiltrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the divisions of Acute pneumonia?

A
  1. Typical
  2. Atypical
  3. Aspiration
  4. Viral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Typical Acute pneumonia

A
  1. Community-Acquired usually (CAP)
  2. Measured in hours to days
  3. Onset with chills, fever and wet cough
  4. Lobar consolidation or segmental or sub-segmental bronchopneumonia
  5. Pleura often involved giving chest pain with inspiration (pleuritis)
  6. Micro-aspiration of upper respiratory tract colonizing bacteria
  7. Most often due to Streptococcus pneumoniae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name the 4 points derived from the compilation of US and UK studies on the etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia

A
  1. Pneumococcus most common pathogen
  2. Haemophilus has largely disappeared
  3. Gram (-) pneumonia is uncommon but consider Klebsiella pneumoniae
  4. Viral pneumonia is often seen in children (respiratory viruses) and during influenza epidemics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

According to US/UK studies, what are the most common pneumonia causing bacteria?

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumonia

2 . Hemophilus influenzae (but its far behind #1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name two types of atypical pheumonias

A
  1. Walking pneumonia

2. Environmentally acquired acute pneumonias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the antibiotics required for atypical pneumonias?

A

Non-beta-lactam antibiotics

Macrolides, Fluroquinolones, teteracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What bacteria are involved in Walking pneumonia?

A

Mycoplamsma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What bacteria are involved in Environmentally acquired acute pneumonias?

A
  • Legionella pneumophilia
    • Coxiella burnetii
    • Chlamydophila psittaci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some symptoms/characteristics of Aspiration pneumonia?

A
  • Setting: stupor, coma, or seizures
  • Focal infiltrates
  • Dependent portions of lung
  • Oropharyngeal flora
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the microbiology of community acquired aspiration pneumonia?

A

Community acquired:

  • Gram (+)
  • Anaerobes (up to 20%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the microbio of hospital acquired aspiration pneumonia?

A

Hospital-acquired:

-Gram (-), S. aureus

18
Q

What might complicate Aspiration Pneumonia?

A

Chronic pneumonia with lung abscess formation

19
Q

What is involved in the Trans-tracheal aspiration method?

A

Aspiration taken with needle inserted into the trachea

20
Q

List the 4 types of oral anaerobic bacteria

A
  1. Gram (+) cocci
  2. Gram (+) Bacilli
  3. Gram (-) cocci
  4. Gram (-) bacilli
21
Q

Give an example of Gram + cocci in oral anaerobic bacteria

A

Peptostreptococcus

22
Q

Give an example of Gram + bacilli in oral anaerobic bacteria

A
  • Actinomyces
    • Eubacterium
    • Leptotrichia
23
Q

Give an example of Gram - cocci in oral anaerobic bacteria

A

Veillonella

24
Q

Give an example of Gram - bacilli in oral anaerobic bacteria

A
  • Fusobacteriuim
    • Prevotella
    • Porphyromonas
25
Q

Describe Actinomyces sps.

A
  • Cause of Pulmonary Actinomycosis
  • Anaerobic/microaerophic GM + bacillus
  • Oral Flora–Especially carious teeth and gingivitis
  • Aspiration pneumonia often with unconsciousness
  • This organism knows no tissue barrier–penetrating infection
26
Q

What medications would you use to treat Pulmonary Actinomycosis (Actinomyces)?

A
  • Requires long term Rx (6-12 mo)

- penicillin IV then PO or clindamycin

27
Q

Name 4 examples of Viral Pneumonia

A
  1. Human respiratory viruses
  2. Hantavirus (Sin Nombre V.)
  3. Coronavirus (SARS, MERS)
  4. Bacterial pneumonia with or in the wake of influenza
28
Q

What are 3 complications of acute bacterial pneumonia?

A
  1. Necrotizing pneumonitis
  2. Lung abscess
  3. Empyema
29
Q

What is Necrotizing pneumonitis?

A

Death of lung parenchyma

30
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

Excavation of lung parenchyma

31
Q

What is Empyema?

A

Spread of infection into potential space between parietal and visceral pleura, requires drainage as part of management

  • Pleural space infection
  • Invasion from lung parenchyma
  • Diagnostic thoracentesis
  • drainage via chest tube hooked to water seal
  • management critical to prevent lung “entrapment”
32
Q

Give some examples of Human Respiratory viruses

A
  1. Influenza
  2. Parinfluenza
  3. RSV
  4. Adenovirus
  5. Metapneumovirus
  6. Enterovirus
  7. Paraechovirus
33
Q

Give 2 examples of Coronavirus

A
  1. SARS

2. MERS

34
Q

Describe Chronic Pneumonia

A
  1. Weeks to months–not days
  2. Differential diagnosis
  3. Many non-infectious diseases
  4. NO empiric treatment
  5. Requires diagnosis by bronchoscopy or lung biopsy
35
Q

Nodules in the lungs are indicative of what?

A

Chronic Pneumonia

36
Q

Describe Tuberculosis based on this lecture

A
  1. Slow-growing acid-fast human pathogen
  2. Cough generates droplet nuclei
  3. Inhaled into alveolar space
  4. Replicates relentlessly and spreads to lymph nodes and then systemic circulation
  5. Becomes dormant as host cell mediated immunity develops
  6. Host at jeopardy for primary and post-primary disease
  7. Public health issues
37
Q

In an immunocompromised host, what is required to investigate possible environmental factors for exposure?

A

Complete history

38
Q

Name the infectious agents that typically cause Chronic Pneumonia

A
  1. Bacteria and Actinomyces (e.g. Anaerobes, nocardia)
  2. Mycobacterium (TB)
  3. Fungi (cocci, histo, crypto)
  4. Protozoa (todo, entamoeba)
  5. Metazoa (paragonimus)
39
Q

How can you manage acute pneumonia?

A
  1. In most cases microbial diagnosis is not possible
  2. Nevertheless the possible pathogens of acute pneumonia are well established from previous studies going way back in medical history
  3. The development of broad-spectrum antibiotics to cover most possible pathogens makes empiric therapy possible in most cases
    • Exceptions have arisen due to antibiotic resistance including the pneumococcus, the leading pathogen for lobar and bronchopneumonia
40
Q

Name noninfectious causes of chronic pneumonia.

A
  1. Neoplasia
  2. Sarcoidosis
  3. Vasculitis
  4. Chemicals, drug, or inhalation
  5. Radiation
  6. Recurrent pulmonary emboli
  7. Bronchial obstruction (e.g., foreign body)
  8. Pulmonary eosinophilia
  9. Pneumoconiosis
  10. Allergic Alveolitis
  11. Idiopathic Causes
41
Q

What are the idiopathic (non infectious) causes of chronic pneumonia?

A
  1. BOOP
  2. CIP, UIP, DIP, LIP, GIP
  3. Eosinophilic granuloma
  4. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
  5. Goodpasteur Syndrome
  6. Alveolar proteinosis
  7. Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
  8. Angiocentric immunoproliferative lesions
42
Q

Don’t forget to memorize the different chronic and non-infectious pathogens

A

-

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions