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**Host and Defense > Immediate Immunity: Barriers and Soluble Effectors I > Flashcards

Immediate Immunity: Barriers and Soluble Effectors I Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

A generalized host defense mechanism that continuously acts from the start of an infection and does not adapt to a specific pathogen or generate immunologic memory

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2
Q

What are the two components of the innate system?

A
  1. Immediate

2. Induced

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3
Q

What are the 2 components of Immediate innate immunity?

A
  1. Barriers

2. Soluble Effectors

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4
Q

What are the types of Barriers in Immediate induced Immunity?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
  3. Microbiological
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5
Q

What are the soluble effectors of Immediate innate immunity?

A
  1. Complement

2. Antimicrobial Peptides

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6
Q

What are the 2 components of Induced innate immunity?

A
  1. Cells

2. Cytokines

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7
Q

What are the cells of induced innate immunity?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Monocytes
  3. Macrophages
  4. Dendritic cells
  5. NK cells
  6. Mast cells
  7. Eosinophils
  8. Basophils
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8
Q

What are the cytokines in induced innate immunity?

A
  1. Interleukins
  2. Chemokines
  3. Growth Factors
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9
Q

Innate immunity is a system of _______ _______

A

Pattern recognition

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10
Q

Types and composition of extracellular and cell surface _______, _________, and ______ activate specific immune respones

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
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11
Q

What are effector processes?

A

The things that kill pathogens and cells

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12
Q

What are 2 classes of molecular patterns/

A
  1. Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

2. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

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13
Q

Name 4 things involved in the PAMPs

A
  1. Lipopolysaccharide
  2. Flagellin
  3. Mannose sugars
  4. Unmethylated CPG DNA
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14
Q

Name 3 things involved with the DAMPs

A
  1. Heath shock proteins
  2. Fibronectin
  3. Chromatin
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15
Q

What are the mechanical components of the skin that make it a barrier?

A
  1. Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

2. Longitudial flow of air or fluid

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16
Q

What are the Chemical aspects of the skin as a barrier?

A
  1. Fatty Acids

2. Beta-defensins, Lamellar bodies, Cathelicidin

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17
Q

What are the microbiological aspects of the skin as a barrier?

A

Normal microbiota

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18
Q

What are the mechanical aspects of the gut as a barrier?

A
  1. Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

2. Longitudinal flow of air or fluid

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19
Q

What are the chemical aspects of the gut as a barrier?

A
  1. Low pH
  2. Enzymes (pepsin
  3. Alpha-defensins (cryptdins)
  4. RegIII (lecticidins)
  5. Cathelicidin
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20
Q

What are the Microbiological barrier aspects of the gut?

A

Normal Microbiota

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21
Q

What are the mechanical barriers of the lungs?

A
  1. Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

2. movement of mucus by cilia

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22
Q

What are the chemical barriers of the lung?

A
  1. Pulmonary surfactant
  2. Alpha-defensins
  3. Cathelicidin
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23
Q

What are the Microbiological barriers of the lung?

A

Normal Microbiota

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24
Q

What does opsonization mean?

A

Basically to be covered and coated

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25
Q

What are the mechanical barriers of the Eyes, nose, and oral cavity?

A
  1. Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

2. Tears and Nasal Cilia

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26
Q

What are the chemical barriers of the eyes, nose, and oral cavity?

A
  1. Enzymes in tears and saliva (lysozome)
  2. Histatins
  3. Beta-defensins
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27
Q

What are the microbiological barriers of the eyes, nose, and oral cavity?

A

Normal microbiota

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28
Q

Mechanical barriers prevent _________

A

Infiltration, they physically block pathogens

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29
Q

T/F Barriers are passive

A

FALSE

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30
Q

Mucosal cells produce ______ barriers

A

chemical

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31
Q

_________ are integrated into barriers

A

Specialized immune tissues like Lymphoid tissues

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32
Q

Cells within the stratum granulosum have lamellar bodies T/F

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Chemical Barriers act on pathogens in what two ways?

A
  1. Isolation and physical removal

2. Targeted destruction

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34
Q

T/F Lymphoid tissues are more structured than lymph nodes

A

FALSE, they are less structured

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35
Q

Can localized B and T cell activation happen in lymphoid tissues?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Every mucosal tissue has some form or capacity of what two things?

A
  1. Secretion

2. Motility

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37
Q

What does secretion do?

A

Traps pathogens

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38
Q

What does motility do?

A

Removes pathogens from mucosal surfaces

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39
Q

What cleaves peptidoglycans?

A

Lysozyme

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40
Q

What are the most common Chemical barriers?

A

Peptides and proteins

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41
Q

T/F Lipids and carbohydrates are never considered Chemical barriers

A

False

42
Q

Defensins are ______ and ______

A
  1. Chemical Barriers

2. Soluble Effectors

43
Q

What are defensins released by?

A

Immune and barrier cells

44
Q

Lysozymes specifically target which type of bacteria?

A

Gram +

because they have exposed peptidoglycan

45
Q

Slide 9 table

A

-

46
Q

What are the two different classes of defensins?

A

Alpha and Beta

47
Q

What produces Alpha defensins?

A

Neutrophils (predominately)

Paneth cells do a little bit

48
Q

What produces Beta defensins?

A
  • epithelial cells

- Most mucosal surfaces in the body

49
Q

What are the two major things that defensins do?

A
  1. Disrupt pathogen membranes

2. –

50
Q

How do defensins disrupt pathogen membrane?

A
  1. Electrostatic attraction and the transmembrane electric field bring the defensin in to the lipid bilayer
  2. Defensins are positively charged and repel each other creating pores in the membrane
51
Q

What don’t defensins hurt eukaryotic cells normally?

A

Their membranes have positive proteins in them that repel the defensins

52
Q

What are other various things that defensins can do?

A

Slide 11

53
Q

Beta defensins are constituitively released by what?

A

Stratified oral epithelium

54
Q

What secretes Alpha defensins into GCF?

A

Neutrophils

55
Q

What does commensal mean?

A

One organism benefits, the other niether suffers nor benefits

56
Q

What are the 3 functions of the normal microbiota on our barriers?

A
  1. Protective functions
  2. Structural functions
  3. Metabolic functions
57
Q

________ shape local gut flora

A

Antimicrobial peptides

58
Q

Commensal flora ______ pathogenic flora

A

outcompete

59
Q

What detects commensal vs. pathogenic bacteria and prevents or triggers inflammation accordingly?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

60
Q

What do commensal bacteria induce in regards to immune response?

A
  1. IgA secretion

2. Antimicrobial Secretion

61
Q

T/F Dendritic cells constantly browse mucosal flora

A

TRUE

62
Q

What is the complement system?

A

An immune surveillance system of plasma proteins that act in cascades to selectively kill extracellular pathogens and diseased tissue, promote inflammation, clear tissue damage, and regulate tissue homeostasis

63
Q

What are the 3 classical pathways of the complement system

A
  1. Classical Pathway
  2. Lectin Pathway
  3. Alternate Pathway

**They were discovered in this order but are activated in reverse order

64
Q

Where are most complement components made?

A

The liver

65
Q

What percent of plasma globulin protein is complement?

A

15%

66
Q

What are initiators?

A

They initiate the complement pathways

67
Q

What are the initiators of the classical pathway?

A

Antibody/C1q complexes

68
Q

What are the initiators of the lectin pathway?

A

Mannose–binding lectins

69
Q

What are the initiators of the alternate pathway?

A
  1. C3

2. Properdin

70
Q

Slide 16 proteins

A

-

71
Q

What are convertase Activators?

A

Form convertases, which label pathogens/antigens with C3b and C5b

72
Q

What are Opsonins?

A

Coat pathogens/antigens and target them for phagocytes

73
Q

What are anaphylatoxins?

A

Initiate and promote inflammation

74
Q

What do membrane attack complexes do?

A

Form the MAC pore

75
Q

What do complement receptors do?

A

Initiate signaling

76
Q

What do regulators do?

A

Restrict or halt complement activity

77
Q

Where are lysozymes located?

A

Mucosal/glandular secretions like tears, saliva, respiratory tract

78
Q

Where are lactoferrins located?

A

Mucosal/glandular secretions like milk, intestine mucus, nasal respiratory and urogenital tracts

79
Q

Where are defensins located?

A

Skin, mucosal epithelia like the mouth, intestine, nasal/respiratory tract, and urogenital tract

80
Q

Where is Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor located?

A

Skin, mucosal/glandular secretions like intestines, respiratory, and urogenital tract

81
Q

Where are S100 Proteins located?

A

Skin, mucosal/glandular secretions like tears, saliva, tongue, intestine, nasal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

82
Q

What are two examples of s100 proteins?

A
  1. Psoriasin

2. Calprotectin

83
Q

Where do you find Cathelicidin (LL37)?

A

Mucosal epithelia (respiratory tract, urogenital tract)

84
Q

Where do you find surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D?

A

Secrections of respiratory tract, other mucosal epithelia

85
Q

What are the important types of proteins and peptides?

A
  1. Lysozyme*
  2. Lactoferrin*
  3. Defensins*
  4. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
  5. S100 proteins
  6. Cathelicidin (LL37)
  7. Surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D
86
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

Cleaves glycosydic bonds of peptidoglycans in cell walls of bacteria, leading to lysis

87
Q

What do lactoferrins do?

A
  1. Binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi
  2. Distrupts microbial membranes
  3. Limits infectivity of some viruses
88
Q

What do defensins do?

A
  1. Disrupt membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, and viruses
  2. Additional toxic effects intracellularly
  3. Kills cells
89
Q

What do Secretory leukocyte proteases do?

A
  1. Blocks epithelial infection by bacteria, fungi, viruses

2. Antimicrobial

90
Q

What do S100 proteins do?

A
  1. Disrups membranes, killing cells

2. Binds and sequesters divalent cations such as manganese ans zinc, limiting the growth of bacteria and fungi

91
Q

What do Cathelicidins do?

A
  1. Disrupts membranes of bacteria
  2. Additional toxic effects intracellularly
  3. Kills cells
92
Q

What do surfactant proteins do?

A
  1. Block bacterial surface components

2. Promotes phagocytosis

93
Q

C3 is cleaved into what two fragments?

A

C3a and C3b

94
Q

Is C3a considered the large or small fragment?

A

Small

95
Q

Which fragment has enzyme activity, C3a or C3b?

A

C3b

C3a has not enzyme activity

96
Q

Is C3a or C3b an anaphylatoxin?

A

C3a

97
Q

Which fragment of C3 is involved in signaling activity?

A

Both C3a and C3b

98
Q

Which C3 fragment is an opsonin?

A

C3b

99
Q

Draw out the Alternative complement pathway

A

Slide 17

100
Q

Draw out the Lectin Pathway

A

Slide 17

101
Q

Draw out the classical pathway

A

Slide 17

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

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