toddler development exam 1

Question 1

toddler development: biologic

Answer 1

Growth slows during toddlerhood. Birth weight is quadrupled. ½ adult height by 2 years of age. Decreased growth rate=decreased appetite.

Physiologic anorexia: as long as they are growing normally (as illustrated by the growth chart) this is not a concern.

Question 1

how much milk is a toddler supposed to consume?

Answer 1

Milk: 2-3 cups/day (16-24 ounces). They may switch from whole to low-fat (2%) at 2 years of age.

Question 2

toddler gross motor skills

Answer 2

1-2 years: runs fairly well, up & down steps - two feet on each
2-3 years: jumping with both feet.

Question 3

toddler fine motor skills

Answer 3

1-2 years: builds a tower of 3-4 blocks, turns pages of book one at a time, turns doorknob, and unscrews lids;

2-3 years good hand-finger coordination, makes two strokes for a cross and draws circles.

Question 4

what is sensory ability and language?

Answer 4

displays intense and prolonged interest in pictures. Visual acuity 20/40 considered acceptable.

words > years

Question 5

What is play in toddlers?

Answer 5

Solitary play evolves into parallel play: toddlers observe others & engage in activities nearby.

Name Appropriate activities………
Coloring
Building blocks
Shape sorter thing

Question 6

Cognitive development: toddler

Answer 6

Cognitive: Piaget
Sensorimotor stage transitions to the pre-operational stage.
Cannot imagine others perspective of a
situation.
The concept of object permanence is fully developed.
Toddlers have & demonstrate memories
Domestic mimicry (playing house) is evident.
Pre-operational

Question 7

Toddler erikson’s stages?

Answer 7

Autonomy versus shame and doubt.
Independence paramount ~ do for themselves.
Separation anxiety

Question 8

What is social development?

Answer 8

moral development
self-concept
body image changes

Question 9

What is moral development?

Answer 9

Moral development is closely associated with cognitive development
Egocentric – view from their personal points of view
Punishment and obedience orientation begin ~ good rewarded

Question 10

What is self-concept development?

Answer 10

increase their explorations away from them

Question 11

what is body image changes?

Answer 11

Toddlers appreciate the usefulness of various body parts.
Toddlers will develop gender identity by 3 years of age.
Hospitalized toddlers – pain & fear not identified in the hospital room.

Question 12

symbolize objects and people in order to imitate previously seen activities

Answer 12

pre-operational

Question 13

12-15 months risk prevent immunizations?

Answer 13

Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) (6 to 18 months); Haemophilus
influenzae type B (Hib); pneumococcal vaccine (PCV); measles, mumps, and
rubella (MMR); and varicella.

Question 14

12-23 months risk prevent immunizations?

Answer 14

Hepatitis A (Hep A), given in two doses at least 6 months apart

Question 15

15-18 months risk prevent immunizations?

Answer 15

Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP).

Question 16

12 to 36 months risk prevent immunizations?

Answer 16

Yearly seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV); the
live, attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) by nasal spray (at 2 years of age).

Question 17

Diphtheria, Tetanus & Pertussis Vaccine Information?

Answer 17

There are three vaccines, DTaP, TDaP, and Td that provide protection from these diseases across the life span.”

During infancy and early childhood the DTaP is best suited to the immature immune system.

At age 11-12, the vaccine TDaP is recommended to provide a boost of immunity to all three diseases.

Throughout adulthood a tetanus/diphtheria (Td) booster is recommended every 10 years. Because of the increase in pertussis, the current recommendation is to substitute TDaP for Td one time for adults.

Question 18

aspiration accidental injury risk prevent?

Answer 18

Small objects
Clothing (buttons or snaps)
Balloons

Question 19

Bodily harm accidental injury risk prevent?

Answer 19

Sharp objects
Firearms
Unattended with any animals
Stranger safety

Question 20

Burns accidental injury risk prevent?

Answer 20

Bath water > thermostats adjusted
Smoke detectors
Stove > pot handles
Electrical outlets
Sunscreen

Question 21

drowning accidental injury risk prevent?

Answer 21

Bathtubs
Pools

Question 22

Falls accidental injury risk prevention?

Answer 22

Doors and windows locked
Cribs low ~ siderails up
Safety gates

Question 23

Motor vehicles injuries accidental injury risk prevent?

Answer 23

Approved car seats
Toddlers ~ rear-facing back seats until 9.1 kg (20 lb).
Then approved forward-facing car seats in the back seat.
Remain in car seats until 4 years of age and/or 40 lb.

Question 24

poisoning accidental injury risk prevent?

Answer 24

Locks on cabinets
Lead paint exposure
Poison control phone number accessible
Meds and cleansers locked

Question 25

suffocation accidental injury risk prevent?

Answer 25

Plastic bags should be avoided.
Crib mattresses ~ crib slats
Pillows should be kept out of cribs
Remove drawstrings

Question 26

Family centered care: tantrums?

Answer 26

Temper tantrums frustrated with restrictions

Common! Release tension
Fatigue may lower child’s tolerance to frustration.
Ignore tantrum behavior > remain close > do not maintain eye contact > do not give in.
Reward good behavior after tantrum, e.g., with a toy.
Physically remove child if child refuses to comply.
Minimizing misbehavior, e.g., time-out ~ naps

Question 27

Fam centered care: toilet training?

Answer 27

After child is walking (18-24 months).
Stand & walk well, pull pants up and down, recognize need to eliminate, be able to wait until in the bathroom, have the desire to please parents.
If child protests, stop & try again in several weeks.
Do not begin during time of change or stress.

Question 28

Fam centered care: discipline

Answer 28

should be consistent with well-defined boundaries that are established to develop appropriate social behavior.

Question 29

fam centered care: sibling rivalry?

Answer 29

Prepare child when pregnancy is evident
De-emphasize the “playmate” aspect
Stress the activities that will occur
Provide companionship separate
Make room changes prior to the birth of the new baby
Allow expression of aggression ~ toys
Read books to child related to babies or new babies
Supervise interaction between the toddler and infant

Question 30

Health promotion: sleep and activities?

Answer 30

Average 12 hours; one nap a day (may relinquish nap by end of 2nd or 3rd year).
Sleep problems: often resolved by establishment of a consistent routine.
Night terror—first few hours, no memory, “bolts upright”
Nightmare— uncommon under 5 yr

Question 31

nutrition for toddlers?

Answer 31

Decreased growth rate = decreased appetite.

General guide: ½ to 1/3 of adult portion sizes or 1 tablespoon of solid food per year of age at each meal.

Limit fruit juice to 4-6 ounces/day.

Picky eaters

New foods = develops an acceptance of it

Allergy ?

Finger foods help with autonomy

Regular meal times ~ nutritious snacks

Avoid sugar, fat, or sodium

Foods small, bite-size pieces ~ easier to swallow & prevent choking

Toddlers should not drink/eat during play or while lying down

Physiologic anorexia: as long as they are growing normally (as illustrated by the growth chart) this is not a concern.

Question 32

heath promotion nutrition: toddlers?

Answer 32

Toddlers are generally picky eaters who will repeatedly request their favorite foods.

Exposure to a new food may need to occur 8 to 15 times before toddlers develops an acceptance of it.

If there is a family history of allergy, then cows’ milk, chocolate, citrus fruits, egg whites, seafood, and nut butters may be gradually introduced while monitoring for reactions.

Toddlers generally prefer finger foods because of increasing autonomy.

Regular meal times and nutritious snacks best meet nutrient needs.

Snacks or desserts that are high in sugar, fat, or sodium should be avoided.

Foods that are potential choking hazards (nuts, grapes, hot dogs, peanut butter, raw carrots, tough meats, popcorn) should be avoided.

Adult supervision should always be provided during snack and mealtimes.

Toddlers should not be allowed to engage in drinking or eating during play activities or while lying down.

Question 33

What are dental caries for toddlers?

Answer 33

Use play to help child learn to brush (p 435)
Done by parents and role modeled.