Exam 2 Blueprint Neuro

Question 1

what are the categories for seizures?

Answer 1

partial (local onset and involve small location in brain (3) type simple with motor, simple with sensory or complex -psychomotor). Generalized (one or both hemispheres without local onset):
Tonic: clonic formerly referred to as grand mal
Absence: formerly referred to as petit mal or lapses
Atonic and Akinetic: or drop attacks
Myoclonic: twitching
Infantil

Question 2

what is epilepsy?

Answer 2

2 or more unprovoked seizures. Symptom of underlying disease process may cease once condition is addressed. Classify: assign to appropriate epilepsy syndrome. Optimum treatment requires diagnosis and determinate cause.

Question 3

what is the patho and interventions/treatment for seizures?

Answer 3

Patho of seizures: abnormal electrical discharges (consciousness), restricted area of cerebral cortex-anatomic focus, and begin localized-spread generalized.

Interventions/Treatment for Seizures: drugs, ketogenic diet (high fat, low carb, adequate protein), vagus nerve stimulation (implantable), surgical.

Question 4

what is increased ICP?

Answer 4

typically, cranium = 80% brain, 10% CSF, and 10% blood. Change in one = compensate by change in another. In ICP: tumor or lesion taking space accumulated fluid or blood, edema.

Question 5

what are the early S/S of increased ICP?

Answer 5

headaches, diplopia (blurred vision), N/V (concussion), vertigo, and seizures.

Question 6

what are the infant S/S for increased ICP?

Answer 6

wide sutures, tense or bulging fontanels, high pitched cry, and setting-sun sign (eyes look like sunsets).

Question 7

what are the late S/S for increased ICP?

Answer 7

bradycardia, LOC, decreased motor response, diminished response to pain, Cushing’s reflex (slow pulse and increased BP, irregular respirations, wide pulse pressure, difference in SBP * DBP) – impending sign of doom in head trauma

Question 8

what is important to know about reflexes?

Answer 8

Absent corneal reflex and presence of tonic neck reflex associated with severe brain damage. Neuro “health” in young infants: presence of Moro, tonic neck, and withdrawal reflexes.

Question 9

what is babinski reflexes?

Answer 9

dorsiflexion of big toe and fanning of toes should be absent after 1 YO or locomotion.

Question 10

what are the types of posturing?

Answer 10

flexion (decorticate)
extension (decerebrate)

Question 11

dysfunction of midbrain to brainstem (stroke).

Answer 11

decerebrate

Question 12

dysfunction of cerebral cortex/ brainstem (tumor).

Answer 12

decorticate