adolescence development exam 1 Flashcards
2 yrs immediately prior to puberty when child is developing preliminary physical changes that herald sexual maturity
prepubescence
point at which sexual maturity is achieved. Hormonal activity under the influence of central nervous system.
puberty
1–2-year period following puberty when skeletal growth is completed, and reproductive functions become well established
post pubescence
11-14 years
early adolescence
15-17 years
middle adolescence
18-20 years
late adolescence
growth in adolescence?
obvious: increase with appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics; less obvious: physiologic alterations and neurogonadal maturity
- Primary sex characteristics: carry out reproduction.
- Secondary sex characteristics: changes occurring as a result of hormonal influences and are controlled by the anterior pituitary in response to the stimulus from hypothalamus.
physical growth in adolescence?
- Final 20-25% of height achieved during puberty
- Most during 24-36 month “growth spurt”
- Girls: 9-1/2 to 14-1/2 years of age—gain 5-20 cm in height (2-8 inches) and 7-25 kilograms (15 1/2 to 55 pounds)
- Boys: 10 1/2 to 16 years of age—gain 10-30 cm (4-12 inches) and 7-30 kilograms (15.5 to 66 pounds)
growth sequence in adolescence?
- Length of extremities and neck
- Increase in hip and chest breadth
- Shoulder width
- Increased length in trunk and depth of chest
Psychological (erikson) in adolescence?
Sense of identity:
* Group identity versus alienation: individual strives to attain autonomy from the family and a sense of personal identity.
* Group identity: Pressure to belong to a group helps establish difference between themselves and their parents.
* Individual identity: Self image, sexual role identity and Teens believe that parents old fashion & out-of-touch. Parents need to allow independence gradually. Watch for double messages – teens may need boundaries and want guidance.
* Nursing Implication: Facilitator of discussion between adolescent & parents; Do not take sides
cognitive development in adolescence?
Abstract thinking:
* No longer restricted to real and actual (concrete)
* Increasing capable of scientific reasoning and formal logic
* Capable of mentally manipulating more than two categories of variables at the same time
* Begin imagining concepts, values, influences, cultures outside of those they have always known
adolescence social development?
Relationship with parent: changes into mutual affection and equality
* Peer relationships are vital~ usually small groups or “best friends”
* Sexuality: since 1990 sexual activity rates decreased
* Shift from relationships with same sex to initiating relationships with opposite sex
* Development of sexual orientation identification
* Nursing Implication: Sexuality education concerning normal body functions should be presented in a straightforward manner
Adolescent nutrition?
Caloric and protein requirements higher than almost any other time of life
- American Heart Association aims to decrease fat intake and discretionary caloric intake which increase the propensity for obesity and cardiovascular disease
- Snacking is characteristic of age. Fast foods usually are excessive in caloric & fat excess.
- Nursing Implication: teach nutritional value of foods for wise food choice
body image in adolescence?
Concerned with normalcy of their physical status
Concerned how they appear to others & compare themselves to their peers
Search for “body beautiful”
Binging and vomiting lead to significant health problems
Eating major part of socialization process
obesity in adolescence?
- Long-term effects on psychological & physical health status
- Most common nutritional disturbance of children and challenging contemporary health problem
- Prevalence
- Likelihood of obese adolescent to be obese adults: 70-80%
