adolescence development exam 1 Flashcards
2 yrs immediately prior to puberty when child is developing preliminary physical changes that herald sexual maturity
prepubescence
point at which sexual maturity is achieved. Hormonal activity under the influence of central nervous system.
puberty
1–2-year period following puberty when skeletal growth is completed, and reproductive functions become well established
post pubescence
11-14 years
early adolescence
15-17 years
middle adolescence
18-20 years
late adolescence
growth in adolescence?
obvious: increase with appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics; less obvious: physiologic alterations and neurogonadal maturity
- Primary sex characteristics: carry out reproduction.
- Secondary sex characteristics: changes occurring as a result of hormonal influences and are controlled by the anterior pituitary in response to the stimulus from hypothalamus.
physical growth in adolescence?
- Final 20-25% of height achieved during puberty
- Most during 24-36 month “growth spurt”
- Girls: 9-1/2 to 14-1/2 years of age—gain 5-20 cm in height (2-8 inches) and 7-25 kilograms (15 1/2 to 55 pounds)
- Boys: 10 1/2 to 16 years of age—gain 10-30 cm (4-12 inches) and 7-30 kilograms (15.5 to 66 pounds)
growth sequence in adolescence?
- Length of extremities and neck
- Increase in hip and chest breadth
- Shoulder width
- Increased length in trunk and depth of chest
Psychological (erikson) in adolescence?
Sense of identity:
* Group identity versus alienation: individual strives to attain autonomy from the family and a sense of personal identity.
* Group identity: Pressure to belong to a group helps establish difference between themselves and their parents.
* Individual identity: Self image, sexual role identity and Teens believe that parents old fashion & out-of-touch. Parents need to allow independence gradually. Watch for double messages – teens may need boundaries and want guidance.
* Nursing Implication: Facilitator of discussion between adolescent & parents; Do not take sides
cognitive development in adolescence?
Abstract thinking:
* No longer restricted to real and actual (concrete)
* Increasing capable of scientific reasoning and formal logic
* Capable of mentally manipulating more than two categories of variables at the same time
* Begin imagining concepts, values, influences, cultures outside of those they have always known
adolescence social development?
Relationship with parent: changes into mutual affection and equality
* Peer relationships are vital~ usually small groups or “best friends”
* Sexuality: since 1990 sexual activity rates decreased
* Shift from relationships with same sex to initiating relationships with opposite sex
* Development of sexual orientation identification
* Nursing Implication: Sexuality education concerning normal body functions should be presented in a straightforward manner
Adolescent nutrition?
Caloric and protein requirements higher than almost any other time of life
- American Heart Association aims to decrease fat intake and discretionary caloric intake which increase the propensity for obesity and cardiovascular disease
- Snacking is characteristic of age. Fast foods usually are excessive in caloric & fat excess.
- Nursing Implication: teach nutritional value of foods for wise food choice
body image in adolescence?
Concerned with normalcy of their physical status
Concerned how they appear to others & compare themselves to their peers
Search for “body beautiful”
Binging and vomiting lead to significant health problems
Eating major part of socialization process
obesity in adolescence?
- Long-term effects on psychological & physical health status
- Most common nutritional disturbance of children and challenging contemporary health problem
- Prevalence
- Likelihood of obese adolescent to be obese adults: 70-80%
sleep in adolescence?
- Difficulty awaking, sleepiness during day
- Difficulty going to sleep & periods of wakefulness during night emerge during adolescent years
- Many teens report chronic or severe sleep disturbances; Those reporting sleep disturbances also described themselves in negative terms
nursing implications for adolescence?
- Teach healthy diet, body weight, height, & stage of pubertal development
- Making choices in when and what to eat focusing on issues such as: problems of obesity, short stature, early or late pubertal development
- Smoking, alcohol & drug behavior
adolescence health concerns?
Disorders with behavioral components
* Developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity.
* DX: present before age 7 yr and present in at least two settings
Depression
* Difficult to detect-children unable to express feelings and act out their problems or concerns
adolescence immunizations?
■ Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (TDaP)
11-12 yr: for those who have completed the DTP/DTaP series but not the tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td) booster
13-18 yr: those who missed 11-12 yr Tdap or Td only
■ Human papillomavirus (HPV)
9 yr: minimum age
11-12 yr: first dose with second dose 2 months after first and third dose 6 months after first dose
13-18 yr: administer if not previously administered
■ Meningococcal vaccine
11-12 yr: MCV4
13-18 yr: if not previously vaccinated
Unvaccinated college freshmen living in dorms (spreads fast)
■ Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV)
At suggestions of PCP: administer to certain high risk groups
■ Influenza
Annually
■ HepA
Two doses 6 months apart to those previously unvaccinated
Recommended in areas where programs target other children
■ HepB
Administer 3 dose series to those previously not vaccinated
■ Inactivated poliovirus (IPV)
If both the OPV and IPV – total of 4 doses regardless of child’s age
■ Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
If not previously vaccinated administer 2 doses during any visit with 4 or more weeks between doses
■ Varicella
Younger than 13 yr: 2 doses at least 3 months apart
13 yr and older: 2 doses at least 4 weeks apart
risk prevention for adolescence?
- Developmental abilities contribute to risk taking and injuries
- Physical injuries are the greatest single cause of death
