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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Tissues-Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Tissues-Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

(1) Epithelial
(2) Connective
(3) Muscular
(4) Neural

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2
Q

individual cellularity, polarity (gives direction), varying membrane permeability, avascularity (basal or lateral surface must be next to a vascular surface

A

characteristics of epithelial tissue

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3
Q

What is histology?

A

the study of tissues

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4
Q

rate of metabolism vs. distance from a vascular surface

A

the further away from a vascular surface the tissue is, the lower its rate of metabolism must be for sustainability

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5
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A

physical protection and control permeability

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6
Q

function of microvilli and cilia

A

increase surface area on tissues with low SA to volume ratio, allows for increases in protection and absorption

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7
Q

polarity in tissues in shown through the ________ side closest to the membrane and the ________side closest to the lumen

A

basal

apical

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8
Q

the _______ side is attached and is considered the basement membrane

A

basal

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9
Q

the __________ side is unattached and is often the side that is removed first (lower rate of metabolism)

A

apical

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10
Q

the _______ side forms the side walls of the tissue and are in contact with the adjacent

A

lateral

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11
Q

3 types of cell junctions

A

(1) gap junctions
(2) tight junctions
(3) anchoring junctions

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12
Q

junction where material is transported from one cell to the next

A

gap junction

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13
Q

junction that “sticks” membranes together

A

tight junction

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14
Q

junction that is continuous and desmosomes are attached

A

anchoring junctions

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15
Q

superior

A

above

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16
Q

inferior

A

below

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17
Q

medial

A

middle of body

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18
Q

lateral

A

outside of body

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19
Q

cranial

A

towards head region (superior)

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20
Q

caudal

A

towards tail region (inferior)

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21
Q

anterior

A

front or forward

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22
Q

posterior

A

back or behind

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23
Q

proximal

A

closer to body, ex. shoulder and hip

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24
Q

distal

A

further from body, ex. hand and foot

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25
Q

squamous epithelia appears _________

A

thin and flat

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26
Q

cuboidal epithelia appears _________

A

cube shaped

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27
Q

columnar epithelia appears __________

A

tall and slender rectangles

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28
Q

simple layers appear _________

A

as a single layer

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29
Q

stratified layers appear __________

A

several layers of cells

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30
Q

Why are squamous tissue layers best for diffusion?

A

they are the thinnest, allow for quicker rate of diffusion

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31
Q

Which class of epithelia is best for diffusion?

A

squamous

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32
Q

Which class of epithelia is best for protection?

A

columnar

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33
Q

Which class of epithelia has the highest SA to volume ratio?

A

squamous

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34
Q

Which class of epithelia has the most organelles?

A

columnar

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35
Q

Stratified epithelia _________ protection but _________ rates of diffusion.

A

increases, decreases

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36
Q

found in blood vessels, lungs, and parts of nephron, thin and flat, low friction and high diffusion

A

simple squamous

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37
Q

found in glands, some ducts and most of nephron, one layer and box shaped, absorption and secretion through active transport, limited protection and diffusion

A

simple cuboidal

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38
Q

all have cilia and microvilli, protection with absorption and secretion, one layer of column shaped cells, found in GI tract and uterine tubes

A

simple columnar

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39
Q

one layer think, all basal sides touch on base however not all apical sides reach the top, gives protection with diverse secretion, found in respiratory and male reproductive tracts

A

pseudostratified columnar

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40
Q

thin, flat, irregular cells with multiple layers, better protection against abrasion, closest tissue to waterproof, found in skin, mouth, throat and anus

A

stratified squamous

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41
Q

multiple layered boxes, control of secretory fluid, surrounds ducts of exocrine glands

A

stratified cuboidal

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42
Q

multiple layers, column shaped cells, increased protection with active secretion, found in some exocrine glands and pharynx

A

stratified columnar

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43
Q

multiple layers and can change shape, expansion and recoil without tearing, found in bladder and renal pelvis

A

transitional epithelial

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44
Q

a group of secretory epithelial cells

A

gland

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45
Q

secrete products onto surfaces, through ducts

A

exocrine gland

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46
Q

secrete products directly into extracellular fluid

A

endocrine gland

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47
Q

mucous glands secrete __________

A

mucins

48
Q

serous glands secrete __________, __________, and __________

A

enzymes, waste, and water

49
Q

mucous glands are _____________ compared to serous glands

A

thicker

50
Q

What are three kinds of glandular secretions?

A

merocine glands, apocrine glands, and holocrine glands

51
Q

when these glands secrete through exocytosis, their cells remain intact

A

merocrine gland

52
Q

when these glands secrete, the epithelia lose some cytoplasm

A

apocrine glands

53
Q

when these glands secrete, the whole cell is broken down and destroyed, these glands must be stratified

A

holocrine glands

54
Q

What are some general traits of connective tissue?

A

most abundant tissue with multiple functions, vary in structure, cells are separated by extracellular matrix, have a good blood supply, can reproduce

55
Q

What are some functions of connective tissue?

A

support and protect, fill spaces, produce blood, transport and store materials, repair damage

56
Q

____-blast

A

a type of cell that builds more of that cell

57
Q

____-cyte

A

a mature cell that maintains tissue stability

58
Q

_____-clast

A

a type of cell that breaks down old cells

59
Q

osteo-______

A

refers to bone

60
Q

fibro-_______

A

refers to fiber

61
Q

chondro-______

A

refers to cartilage

62
Q

mesenchymal (stem) cells, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, & melanocytes are all?

A

fixed cells that stay in place

63
Q

mast cells including heparin (blood thinner) and histamine (causes inflamatory response) and leukocytes (includes macrophages, phagocytes, and lymphocytes) are all examples of?

A

wandering cells that move

64
Q

collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers are all examples of….

A

connective tissue fibers

65
Q

a fiber that is long, straight, unbranched, strong, and flexible, have a very high tensile stregnth, include tendons

A

collagen fibers

66
Q

a fiber that has many interwoven fibers, is strong and flexible, can resist force in many directions, and includes organ sheath

A

reticular fibers

67
Q

a fiber that contains elastin, is branched and wavy, can stretch and recoil, found in elastic vertebral ligaments

A

elastic fibers

68
Q

loose connective tissue is made up of what three kinds of tissue?

A

areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue

69
Q

what is the matrix like in loose connective tissue?

A

the matrix has more fluid (ground substance) that fibers

70
Q

this tissue has more ground substance for cushioning, less fiber organization which allows for more distortion, and helps to hold skin to the underlying organs

A

areolar tissue

71
Q

this tissue has more adipocytes, is good for energy storage, insulation, and cushioning, and contains both white and brown fat

A

adipose tissue

72
Q

what is the difference between white and brown fat?

A

white fat shows maturity and develops after brown fat, brown fat has a better blood supply and contains lots of mitochondria

73
Q

how do babies use brown fat?

A

brown fat allows for high energy storage and insulation, babies have no shivering mechanism so this fat helps to keep them warm

74
Q

this tissue has an increase in reticular fibers which gives a multi-directional support, serves as the framework for the liver and lymph orgams

A

reticular tissue

75
Q

what is the matrix like in dense connective tissue?

A

the matrix his more fibers than fluid (ground substance)

76
Q

what are the three kinds of dense connective tissue?

A

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

77
Q

a tissue with increased collagen and parallel organization for a high tensile strength, flexible in other directions, found in tendons and ligaments

A

dense regular tissue

78
Q

a tissue with increased collagen and little organization for great multi-directional strength, has little distortion, and found in dermis, joint, and organ capsules

A

dense irregular tissue

79
Q

a tissue with increased elastic fibers so they can stretch and recoil (transitional epithelial), found between vertebrae and within hollow organs

A

elastic connective tissue

80
Q

what are two types are of fluid connective tissue?

A

blood and lymph

81
Q

a tissue made up of formed elements and plasma, carries a normal Htc of nearly 50%

A

blood

82
Q

a tissue made up of interstitial fluid and lymphocytes

A

lymph

83
Q

What are 2 kinds of supporting connective tissue?

A

cartilage and bone

84
Q

an avascular connecting tissue, found in the chondrocytes within the matrix (chondroitin sulfates and collagen fibers), support framework and attachment, serve as model for developing bones and protect

A

cartilage

85
Q

vascular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage

A

perichondrium

86
Q

composed of fine collagen fibers for stiffness with flexible support, found at the end of long bones, responsible for growth and repair of bone

A

hyaline cartilage

87
Q

when the volume is increased, what happens to metabolic rate?

A

as volume increases, metabolic rate also increases

88
Q

a dense network of elastic fibers for increased flexible support, found in the external ear and epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

89
Q

large organized collage fibers that limit movement, used for shock absorption, found btwn bone in knee, pelvic girdle and vertebrae (along central axis line)

A

fibrocartilage

90
Q

a supporting connective tissue composed of calcium salts and collage fibers for a rigid matrix that shouldn’t shatter, they are vascular, protect and support, and store inorganic solutes, serve as site of muscle attachment, RBC production in bone marrow

A

bone

91
Q

osteocytes are found within the matrix of the bone with communicate via ____________

A

canaliculi which are little channels that allow flow

92
Q

what are the structural unit of bone?

A

osteons

93
Q

epithelial combined with connective tissue, forms a barrier to cover and protect

A

membrane

94
Q

a membrane type composed of simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium, also areolar connective tissue which gives a great blood supply (more diffusion), also line passages open to exterior such as respiratory and GI tract

A

mucous membranes

95
Q

a membrane type composed of simple squamous epithelia, secretes transudate (watery fluid) to minimize friction, areolar connective tissue which line ventral cavity linings

A

serous membranes

96
Q

a membrane type composed of stratified squamous epithelium, also areolar and dense irregular connective tissue, covers body surface, skin (for stretching and shock absorption)

A

cutaneous membrane

97
Q

a membrane type that is composed of incomplete simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium, secretes synovial fluid which lubricates joints, gives shock absorption, and nourishes cartilage, areolar connective tissue

A

synovial membranes

98
Q

superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia make up the _____________________

A

connective tissue framework

99
Q

the site of subcutaneous injections

A

superficial fascia (hypodermis)

100
Q

has multiple layers and orientations for strength and support, anchor organs in place

A

deep fascia

101
Q

connect serous membranes to deep fascia

A

subserous fascia

102
Q

What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

103
Q

a tissue that is contractile (actively generates tension), elastic, extensible, and excitable

A

muscle tissue

104
Q

a kind of muscle tissue that has large cylindrical cells, is multinucleated and striated, has satellite cells, and has voluntary muscle control

A

skeletal muscle tissue

105
Q

Why is skeletal muscle tissue multinucleated?

A

DNA stores protein, and more protein is needed to restore muscles after they tear during activity. These cells become multinucleated by fusing together

106
Q

Why is skeletal muscle striated?

A

striation creates a regular arrangement of fibers that provides unidirectional force

107
Q

cells that are retained to repair damage and assist in regaining structure

A

satellite cells

108
Q

what is voluntary muscle contraction?

A

means that the muscle contraction comes from an outside source, needs movement, generates heat

109
Q

a kind of muscle tissue that is only found in the heart, has branched cardiocytes, and is uninucleated, also has autorhythmic and contractile cells and is striated for directionality, involuntary because the ANS regulates pacemaker activity

A

cardiac muscle tissue

110
Q

intercalated discs share a ________________ which serves as a boundary for cardiac cells sharing a membrane

A

cytoplasm

111
Q

a kind of muscle tissue that is not striated and is made up of short tapered cells, it is uninucleated and exhibits involuntary, they also control flow in respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems

A

smooth muscle tissue

112
Q

a tissue that is made up of neurons and neuroglia, conducts and releases signals

A

nervous tissue

113
Q

neurons conduct ____________ signals through action potentials

A

electrical

114
Q

neurons release ______________ signals through neurotransmitters and neurohormones

A

chemical

115
Q

neurotransmitters go across a ___________ and neurohormones go into the ________________

A

synapse and blood supply

116
Q

neuroglia are used for __________ and __________

A

development and support

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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