Tissues-Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four types of tissues?
A
(1) Epithelial
(2) Connective
(3) Muscular
(4) Neural
2
Q
individual cellularity, polarity (gives direction), varying membrane permeability, avascularity (basal or lateral surface must be next to a vascular surface
A
characteristics of epithelial tissue
3
Q
What is histology?
A
the study of tissues
4
Q
rate of metabolism vs. distance from a vascular surface
A
the further away from a vascular surface the tissue is, the lower its rate of metabolism must be for sustainability
5
Q
functions of epithelial tissue
A
physical protection and control permeability
6
Q
function of microvilli and cilia
A
increase surface area on tissues with low SA to volume ratio, allows for increases in protection and absorption
7
Q
polarity in tissues in shown through the ________ side closest to the membrane and the ________side closest to the lumen
A
basal
apical
8
Q
the _______ side is attached and is considered the basement membrane
A
basal
9
Q
the __________ side is unattached and is often the side that is removed first (lower rate of metabolism)
A
apical
10
Q
the _______ side forms the side walls of the tissue and are in contact with the adjacent
A
lateral
11
Q
3 types of cell junctions
A
(1) gap junctions
(2) tight junctions
(3) anchoring junctions
12
Q
junction where material is transported from one cell to the next
A
gap junction
13
Q
junction that “sticks” membranes together
A
tight junction
14
Q
junction that is continuous and desmosomes are attached
A
anchoring junctions
15
Q
superior
A
above
16
Q
inferior
A
below
17
Q
medial
A
middle of body
18
Q
lateral
A
outside of body
19
Q
cranial
A
towards head region (superior)
20
Q
caudal
A
towards tail region (inferior)
21
Q
anterior
A
front or forward
22
Q
posterior
A
back or behind
23
Q
proximal
A
closer to body, ex. shoulder and hip
24
Q
distal
A
further from body, ex. hand and foot
25
squamous epithelia appears _________
thin and flat
26
cuboidal epithelia appears _________
cube shaped
27
columnar epithelia appears __________
tall and slender rectangles
28
simple layers appear _________
as a single layer
29
stratified layers appear __________
several layers of cells
30
Why are squamous tissue layers best for diffusion?
they are the thinnest, allow for quicker rate of diffusion
31
Which class of epithelia is best for diffusion?
squamous
32
Which class of epithelia is best for protection?
columnar
33
Which class of epithelia has the highest SA to volume ratio?
squamous
34
Which class of epithelia has the most organelles?
columnar
35
Stratified epithelia _________ protection but _________ rates of diffusion.
increases, decreases
36
found in blood vessels, lungs, and parts of nephron, thin and flat, low friction and high diffusion
simple squamous
37
found in glands, some ducts and most of nephron, one layer and box shaped, absorption and secretion through active transport, limited protection and diffusion
simple cuboidal
38
all have cilia and microvilli, protection with absorption and secretion, one layer of column shaped cells, found in GI tract and uterine tubes
simple columnar
39
one layer think, all basal sides touch on base however not all apical sides reach the top, gives protection with diverse secretion, found in respiratory and male reproductive tracts
pseudostratified columnar
40
thin, flat, irregular cells with multiple layers, better protection against abrasion, closest tissue to waterproof, found in skin, mouth, throat and anus
stratified squamous
41
multiple layered boxes, control of secretory fluid, surrounds ducts of exocrine glands
stratified cuboidal
42
multiple layers, column shaped cells, increased protection with active secretion, found in some exocrine glands and pharynx
stratified columnar
43
multiple layers and can change shape, expansion and recoil without tearing, found in bladder and renal pelvis
transitional epithelial
44
a group of secretory epithelial cells
gland
45
secrete products onto surfaces, through ducts
exocrine gland
46
secrete products directly into extracellular fluid
endocrine gland
47
mucous glands secrete __________
mucins
48
serous glands secrete __________, __________, and __________
enzymes, waste, and water
49
mucous glands are _____________ compared to serous glands
thicker
50
What are three kinds of glandular secretions?
merocine glands, apocrine glands, and holocrine glands
51
when these glands secrete through exocytosis, their cells remain intact
merocrine gland
52
when these glands secrete, the epithelia lose some cytoplasm
apocrine glands
53
when these glands secrete, the whole cell is broken down and destroyed, these glands must be stratified
holocrine glands
54
What are some general traits of connective tissue?
most abundant tissue with multiple functions, vary in structure, cells are separated by extracellular matrix, have a good blood supply, can reproduce
55
What are some functions of connective tissue?
support and protect, fill spaces, produce blood, transport and store materials, repair damage
56
____-blast
a type of cell that builds more of that cell
57
____-cyte
a mature cell that maintains tissue stability
58
_____-clast
a type of cell that breaks down old cells
59
osteo-______
refers to bone
60
fibro-_______
refers to fiber
61
chondro-______
refers to cartilage
62
mesenchymal (stem) cells, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, & melanocytes are all?
fixed cells that stay in place
63
mast cells including heparin (blood thinner) and histamine (causes inflamatory response) and leukocytes (includes macrophages, phagocytes, and lymphocytes) are all examples of?
wandering cells that move
64
collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers are all examples of....
connective tissue fibers
65
a fiber that is long, straight, unbranched, strong, and flexible, have a very high tensile stregnth, include tendons
collagen fibers
66
a fiber that has many interwoven fibers, is strong and flexible, can resist force in many directions, and includes organ sheath
reticular fibers
67
a fiber that contains elastin, is branched and wavy, can stretch and recoil, found in elastic vertebral ligaments
elastic fibers
68
loose connective tissue is made up of what three kinds of tissue?
areolar tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular tissue
69
what is the matrix like in loose connective tissue?
the matrix has more fluid (ground substance) that fibers
70
this tissue has more ground substance for cushioning, less fiber organization which allows for more distortion, and helps to hold skin to the underlying organs
areolar tissue
71
this tissue has more adipocytes, is good for energy storage, insulation, and cushioning, and contains both white and brown fat
adipose tissue
72
what is the difference between white and brown fat?
white fat shows maturity and develops after brown fat, brown fat has a better blood supply and contains lots of mitochondria
73
how do babies use brown fat?
brown fat allows for high energy storage and insulation, babies have no shivering mechanism so this fat helps to keep them warm
74
this tissue has an increase in reticular fibers which gives a multi-directional support, serves as the framework for the liver and lymph orgams
reticular tissue
75
what is the matrix like in dense connective tissue?
the matrix his more fibers than fluid (ground substance)
76
what are the three kinds of dense connective tissue?
dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
77
a tissue with increased collagen and parallel organization for a high tensile strength, flexible in other directions, found in tendons and ligaments
dense regular tissue
78
a tissue with increased collagen and little organization for great multi-directional strength, has little distortion, and found in dermis, joint, and organ capsules
dense irregular tissue
79
a tissue with increased elastic fibers so they can stretch and recoil (transitional epithelial), found between vertebrae and within hollow organs
elastic connective tissue
80
what are two types are of fluid connective tissue?
blood and lymph
81
a tissue made up of formed elements and plasma, carries a normal Htc of nearly 50%
blood
82
a tissue made up of interstitial fluid and lymphocytes
lymph
83
What are 2 kinds of supporting connective tissue?
cartilage and bone
84
an avascular connecting tissue, found in the chondrocytes within the matrix (chondroitin sulfates and collagen fibers), support framework and attachment, serve as model for developing bones and protect
cartilage
85
vascular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
perichondrium
86
composed of fine collagen fibers for stiffness with flexible support, found at the end of long bones, responsible for growth and repair of bone
hyaline cartilage
87
when the volume is increased, what happens to metabolic rate?
as volume increases, metabolic rate also increases
88
a dense network of elastic fibers for increased flexible support, found in the external ear and epiglottis
elastic cartilage
89
large organized collage fibers that limit movement, used for shock absorption, found btwn bone in knee, pelvic girdle and vertebrae (along central axis line)
fibrocartilage
90
a supporting connective tissue composed of calcium salts and collage fibers for a rigid matrix that shouldn't shatter, they are vascular, protect and support, and store inorganic solutes, serve as site of muscle attachment, RBC production in bone marrow
bone
91
osteocytes are found within the matrix of the bone with communicate via ____________
canaliculi which are little channels that allow flow
92
what are the structural unit of bone?
osteons
93
epithelial combined with connective tissue, forms a barrier to cover and protect
membrane
94
a membrane type composed of simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium, also areolar connective tissue which gives a great blood supply (more diffusion), also line passages open to exterior such as respiratory and GI tract
mucous membranes
95
a membrane type composed of simple squamous epithelia, secretes transudate (watery fluid) to minimize friction, areolar connective tissue which line ventral cavity linings
serous membranes
96
a membrane type composed of stratified squamous epithelium, also areolar and dense irregular connective tissue, covers body surface, skin (for stretching and shock absorption)
cutaneous membrane
97
a membrane type that is composed of incomplete simple squamous or cuboidal epithelium, secretes synovial fluid which lubricates joints, gives shock absorption, and nourishes cartilage, areolar connective tissue
synovial membranes
98
superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia make up the _____________________
connective tissue framework
99
the site of subcutaneous injections
superficial fascia (hypodermis)
100
has multiple layers and orientations for strength and support, anchor organs in place
deep fascia
101
connect serous membranes to deep fascia
subserous fascia
102
What are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
103
a tissue that is contractile (actively generates tension), elastic, extensible, and excitable
muscle tissue
104
a kind of muscle tissue that has large cylindrical cells, is multinucleated and striated, has satellite cells, and has voluntary muscle control
skeletal muscle tissue
105
Why is skeletal muscle tissue multinucleated?
DNA stores protein, and more protein is needed to restore muscles after they tear during activity. These cells become multinucleated by fusing together
106
Why is skeletal muscle striated?
striation creates a regular arrangement of fibers that provides unidirectional force
107
cells that are retained to repair damage and assist in regaining structure
satellite cells
108
what is voluntary muscle contraction?
means that the muscle contraction comes from an outside source, needs movement, generates heat
109
a kind of muscle tissue that is only found in the heart, has branched cardiocytes, and is uninucleated, also has autorhythmic and contractile cells and is striated for directionality, involuntary because the ANS regulates pacemaker activity
cardiac muscle tissue
110
intercalated discs share a ________________ which serves as a boundary for cardiac cells sharing a membrane
cytoplasm
111
a kind of muscle tissue that is not striated and is made up of short tapered cells, it is uninucleated and exhibits involuntary, they also control flow in respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems
smooth muscle tissue
112
a tissue that is made up of neurons and neuroglia, conducts and releases signals
nervous tissue
113
neurons conduct ____________ signals through action potentials
electrical
114
neurons release ______________ signals through neurotransmitters and neurohormones
chemical
115
neurotransmitters go across a ___________ and neurohormones go into the ________________
synapse and blood supply
116
neuroglia are used for __________ and __________
development and support
