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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > Brain and Cranial Nerves-Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves-Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some general functions of the superior levels of the brain?

A

intellectual thought, imagination, perception, interpretation

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2
Q

What are some general functions of the middle levels of the brain?

A

primal drives, emotion, and visual/auditor reflexes

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3
Q

What are some general functions of the inferior levels of the brain?

A

breathing and cardiovascular function

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4
Q

composed of 2 hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum, falx cerebri separates longitudinally, ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulic and fissures), gray surface with a white interior

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

connect different parts of the same hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

association fibers

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6
Q

connect corresponding cerebral hemispheres

A

commissural fibers

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7
Q

connect cerebrum to lower brain areas

A

projection fibers

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8
Q

general area of higher intellectual process, motor areas for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, association areas of concentration, planning, and problem solving

A

frontal (anterior) lobe

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9
Q

general sensory area, perception of temperature and touch, association areas for understanding speech and use of words

A

parietal lobe

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10
Q

sensory area for hearing and smell, association area for interpretation of sensory experiences and recalling visual and olfactory senses

A

temporal lobe

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11
Q

sensory area for vision and association area to integrate visual with other sensory experiences

A

occipital lobe

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12
Q

integrates autonomic information, awareness of visceral function

A

insula lobe

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13
Q

visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

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14
Q

tactile cortex

A

parietal lobe

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15
Q

auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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16
Q

olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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17
Q

gustatory cortex

A

insula lobe

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18
Q

conscious control of skeletal muscles, most are in the frontal lobe

A

motor areas

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19
Q

learned motor skills, motor speech area, and voluntary movements of the eyes

A

motor areas of the frontal lobe

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20
Q

somatic motor association area

A

frontal lobe

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21
Q

somatic sensory association area

A

parietal lobe

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22
Q

visual association area

A

occipital lobe

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23
Q

auditory association area

A

temporal lobe

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24
Q

found in the left frontal lobe, near primary motor cortex, damage leads to Brocha’s aphasia, function is coherent speech production, thought to be more grammar related

A

Brocha’s area

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25
Q

found in the left temporal lobe, near primary auditory cortex, analysis of spoken language, damage leads to Wernicke’s aphasia, lack of speech understanding, though to be related to individual words

A

Wernicke’s area

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26
Q

both sides participate in basic functions, one side usually dominant for some functions, 90% of population is left side dominant, corticospinal tracts decussate

A

cerebral hemisphere dominance

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27
Q

paired masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemispheres, relay impulses from cerebral cortex to brain stem and spinal cord, most produce dopamine as their neurotransmitter, include corpus striatum , amygdaloid nucleus, and clasustrum

A

basal nuclei

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28
Q

basal nuclei that includes caudate nucleus (maintains pattern and rhythm) and lentiform nucleus (pattern/rhythm and muscle tone)

A

corpus striatum

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29
Q

basal nuclei that is part of the limbic system, on tip of caudate nucleus

A

amygdaloid nucleus

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30
Q

basal nuclei between insula and diencephalon, subconscious visual processing

A

claustrum

31
Q

includes the pinneal gland (production of melatonin), thalamus, and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

32
Q

part of diencephalon that integrates and relays sensory information, anterior nuclei part of limbic system, lateral nuclei give emotional and sensory feedback, other areas integrate sensory info

A

thalamus

33
Q

part of diencephalon that maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature

A

hypothalamus

34
Q

boarder of cerebrum and diencephalon, involved in emotional responses, easier to recall a memory if associated with an emotional response

A

limbic system

35
Q

connects brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas, acts are relay center, contains cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and corpora quadregemina

A

mesencephalon (midbrain)

36
Q

part of midbrain that houses the motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway

A

cerebral peduncles

37
Q

highly vascularized part of the midbrain that integrates involuntary motor control

A

red nucleus

38
Q

part of midbrain that regulates voluntary control and produces dopamine

A

substantia nigra

39
Q

part of midbrain that receives visual input from the thalamus and auditory input from the medulla

A

corpora quadrigemina

40
Q

rounded anterior bulge on inferior aspect of brain stem, separates midbrain and medulla, relays impulses between medulla and cerebrum, regulates breathing

A

pons

41
Q

below the cerebrum, has 2 hemispheres, integrates propriosensory information (subconscious control of movement and maintenance of posture and balance

A

cerebellum

42
Q

separates the cerebellum and cerebrum

A

tentorium cerebelli

43
Q

separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

falx cerebelli

44
Q

connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

A

vermis

45
Q

from foramen magnum to the pons, houses basal functions such as cardiovascular center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center

A

medulla oblongata

46
Q

brain stem and superior portion of spinal cord, interconnects all major spinal cord tracts, increased activity for wakefulness and decreased activity for sleep

A

reticular formation

47
Q

only lasts a few seconds, processed by frontal lobe and thalamus, easily replaced or can be transferred

A

short term memory

48
Q

last for minutes or days, recall of short term memory, uses hippocampus portion of temporal lobe, lost if not used

A

recent memory

49
Q

found over large areas of cerebral cortex, stored in both hemispheres, result of repeated and varied use of recent information

A

long term memory

50
Q

What does your brain need to function at optimal levels?

A

(1) Exercise
(2) Sleep
(3) Glucose
(4) Water
(5) Oxygen

51
Q

How does your brain work?

A

(1) pattern recognition
(2) confusion- similarity in different places
(3) transient- use it after learning or lose it

52
Q

outermost area of spinal meninges, forms internal periosteum of skull

A

dura mater

53
Q

layer of meninges that spreads over brain but doesn’t follow sulci, subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluis, arachnoid granulations allow for drainage of CSF

A

pia mater

54
Q

formed in the choroid plexus of ventricles, cushions and supports the mass of the brain, transports nutrients, waste and chemical signals

A

cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

contain cerebrospinal spinal fluid, 2 lateral and a 3rd and 4th, allow nourishment to all areas of brain

A

ventricles

56
Q

How is CSF circulated?

A

movement of the head and spinal column, ciliated ependymal cells within ventricles, reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations from sagittal sinus

57
Q

What are the areas where the blood brain barrier is broken?

A

(1) choroid plexus- ependymal cells need blood for CSF
(2) hypothalamus- secrete into blood stream
(3) posterior pituitary gland- secrete oxytocin
(4) pinneal gland- secrete melatonin

58
Q

results from too much production of CSF, inadequate drainage which creates a blockage or a tumor, surgical shunt can drain fluid, adult brain pressured, infant sees cranial expansion

A

hydrocephalus

59
Q

pneumonic device for names of cranial nerves

A

Olympian Olga Often Took Testosterone Obtaining Massive Muscles And Formerly Voluptuous Grew Vile and Hairy

60
Q

pneumonic device for composition of cranial nerves

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More

61
Q

numbered superior to inferior, all originate from brain stem except 1st pair, most are mixed nerves, cell bodies for sensory found in ganglia outside brain, cell bodies for motor found in grey matter, pass through foramina in skull

A

cranial nerves

62
Q

N1, passes through cruciform plate, sensory and smell, originates from cerebrum

A

olfactory nerve

63
Q

N2, passes through optic foramina, sensory (medial fibers cross at optic chiasm) for vision

A

optic nerve

64
Q

N3, passes through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid, motor, run most eye muscles

A

oculomotor nerve

65
Q

N4, passes through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid, smallest nerve, motor, for superior oblique muscles of eye

A

trochlear nerve

66
Q

N5, through superior orbital fissure, both sensory and motor, includes opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches for facial innervation

A

trigeminal nerve

67
Q

N6, through superior orbial fissure of sphenoid, motor, for lateral rectus of eye

A

abducens nerve

68
Q

N7, passes through stylomastoid foramen, both sensory for taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor for facial expression muscles and stimulation of tear and salivary glands

A

facial nerve

69
Q

N8, passes through internal acoustic meatus, sensory, vestibular for positional changes in head and cochlear for hearing

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

70
Q

N9, passes through jugular foramen, sensory for posterior 1/3 of tongue, motor for wall of pharynx for swallowing

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

71
Q

N10, passes through jugular foramen, sensory for esophagus and abdomen, motor for somatic motor of speech and swallowing and autonomic motor to heart

A

vagus nerve

72
Q

N11, passes through jugular foramen, motor (2 branches), muscles of the soft palate and trapezius of the sternocleiomastoid

A

accessory nerve

73
Q

N12, motor, for chewing, speaking and swallowing

A

hypoglossal nerve

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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