Brain and Cranial Nerves-Chapter 16

Question 1

What are some general functions of the superior levels of the brain?

Answer 1

intellectual thought, imagination, perception, interpretation

Question 2

What are some general functions of the middle levels of the brain?

Answer 2

primal drives, emotion, and visual/auditor reflexes

Question 3

What are some general functions of the inferior levels of the brain?

Answer 3

breathing and cardiovascular function

Question 4

composed of 2 hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum, falx cerebri separates longitudinally, ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulic and fissures), gray surface with a white interior

Answer 4

cerebrum

Question 5

connect different parts of the same hemisphere of the cerebrum

Answer 5

association fibers

Question 6

connect corresponding cerebral hemispheres

Answer 6

commissural fibers

Question 7

connect cerebrum to lower brain areas

Answer 7

projection fibers

Question 8

general area of higher intellectual process, motor areas for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, association areas of concentration, planning, and problem solving

Answer 8

frontal (anterior) lobe

Question 9

general sensory area, perception of temperature and touch, association areas for understanding speech and use of words

Answer 9

parietal lobe

Question 10

sensory area for hearing and smell, association area for interpretation of sensory experiences and recalling visual and olfactory senses

Answer 10

temporal lobe

Question 11

sensory area for vision and association area to integrate visual with other sensory experiences

Answer 11

occipital lobe

Question 12

integrates autonomic information, awareness of visceral function

Answer 12

insula lobe

Question 13

visual cortex

Answer 13

occipital lobe

Question 14

tactile cortex

Answer 14

parietal lobe

Question 15

auditory cortex

Answer 15

temporal lobe

Question 16

olfactory cortex

Answer 16

temporal lobe

Question 17

gustatory cortex

Answer 17

insula lobe

Question 18

conscious control of skeletal muscles, most are in the frontal lobe

Answer 18

motor areas

Question 19

learned motor skills, motor speech area, and voluntary movements of the eyes

Answer 19

motor areas of the frontal lobe

Question 20

somatic motor association area

Answer 20

frontal lobe

Question 21

somatic sensory association area

Answer 21

parietal lobe

Question 22

visual association area

Answer 22

occipital lobe

Question 23

auditory association area

Answer 23

temporal lobe

Question 24

found in the left frontal lobe, near primary motor cortex, damage leads to Brocha’s aphasia, function is coherent speech production, thought to be more grammar related

Answer 24

Brocha’s area

Question 25

found in the left temporal lobe, near primary auditory cortex, analysis of spoken language, damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia, lack of speech understanding, though to be related to individual words

Answer 25

Wernicke's area

Question 26

both sides participate in basic functions, one side usually dominant for some functions, 90% of population is left side dominant, corticospinal tracts decussate

Answer 26

cerebral hemisphere dominance

Question 27

paired masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemispheres, relay impulses from cerebral cortex to brain stem and spinal cord, most produce dopamine as their neurotransmitter, include corpus striatum , amygdaloid nucleus, and clasustrum

Answer 27

basal nuclei

Question 28

basal nuclei that includes caudate nucleus (maintains pattern and rhythm) and lentiform nucleus (pattern/rhythm and muscle tone)

Answer 28

corpus striatum

Question 29

basal nuclei that is part of the limbic system, on tip of caudate nucleus

Answer 29

amygdaloid nucleus

Question 30

basal nuclei between insula and diencephalon, subconscious visual processing

Answer 30

claustrum

Question 31

includes the pinneal gland (production of melatonin), thalamus, and hypothalamus

Answer 31

diencephalon

Question 32

part of diencephalon that integrates and relays sensory information, anterior nuclei part of limbic system, lateral nuclei give emotional and sensory feedback, other areas integrate sensory info

Answer 32

thalamus

Question 33

part of diencephalon that maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature

Answer 33

hypothalamus

Question 34

boarder of cerebrum and diencephalon, involved in emotional responses, easier to recall a memory if associated with an emotional response

Answer 34

limbic system

Question 35

connects brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas, acts are relay center, contains cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and corpora quadregemina

Answer 35

mesencephalon (midbrain)

Question 36

part of midbrain that houses the motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway

Answer 36

cerebral peduncles

Question 37

highly vascularized part of the midbrain that integrates involuntary motor control

Answer 37

red nucleus

Question 38

part of midbrain that regulates voluntary control and produces dopamine

Answer 38

substantia nigra

Question 39

part of midbrain that receives visual input from the thalamus and auditory input from the medulla

Answer 39

corpora quadrigemina

Question 40

rounded anterior bulge on inferior aspect of brain stem, separates midbrain and medulla, relays impulses between medulla and cerebrum, regulates breathing

Answer 40

pons

Question 41

below the cerebrum, has 2 hemispheres, integrates propriosensory information (subconscious control of movement and maintenance of posture and balance

Answer 41

cerebellum

Question 42

separates the cerebellum and cerebrum

Answer 42

tentorium cerebelli

Question 43

separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

Answer 43

falx cerebelli

Question 44

connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

Answer 44

vermis

Question 45

from foramen magnum to the pons, houses basal functions such as cardiovascular center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center

Answer 45

medulla oblongata

Question 46

brain stem and superior portion of spinal cord, interconnects all major spinal cord tracts, increased activity for wakefulness and decreased activity for sleep

Answer 46

reticular formation

Question 47

only lasts a few seconds, processed by frontal lobe and thalamus, easily replaced or can be transferred

Answer 47

short term memory

Question 48

last for minutes or days, recall of short term memory, uses hippocampus portion of temporal lobe, lost if not used

Answer 48

recent memory

Question 49

found over large areas of cerebral cortex, stored in both hemispheres, result of repeated and varied use of recent information

Answer 49

long term memory

Question 50

What does your brain need to function at optimal levels?

Answer 50

(1) Exercise (2) Sleep (3) Glucose (4) Water (5) Oxygen

Question 51

How does your brain work?

Answer 51

(1) pattern recognition (2) confusion- similarity in different places (3) transient- use it after learning or lose it

Question 52

outermost area of spinal meninges, forms internal periosteum of skull

Answer 52

dura mater

Question 53

layer of meninges that spreads over brain but doesn't follow sulci, subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluis, arachnoid granulations allow for drainage of CSF

Answer 53

pia mater

Question 54

formed in the choroid plexus of ventricles, cushions and supports the mass of the brain, transports nutrients, waste and chemical signals

Answer 54

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 55

contain cerebrospinal spinal fluid, 2 lateral and a 3rd and 4th, allow nourishment to all areas of brain

Answer 55

ventricles

Question 56

How is CSF circulated?

Answer 56

movement of the head and spinal column, ciliated ependymal cells within ventricles, reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations from sagittal sinus

Question 57

What are the areas where the blood brain barrier is broken?

Answer 57

(1) choroid plexus- ependymal cells need blood for CSF (2) hypothalamus- secrete into blood stream (3) posterior pituitary gland- secrete oxytocin (4) pinneal gland- secrete melatonin

Question 58

results from too much production of CSF, inadequate drainage which creates a blockage or a tumor, surgical shunt can drain fluid, adult brain pressured, infant sees cranial expansion

Answer 58

hydrocephalus

Question 59

pneumonic device for names of cranial nerves

Answer 59

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Question 60

pneumonic device for composition of cranial nerves

Answer 60

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Question 61

numbered superior to inferior, all originate from brain stem except 1st pair, most are mixed nerves, cell bodies for sensory found in ganglia outside brain, cell bodies for motor found in grey matter, pass through foramina in skull

Answer 61

cranial nerves

Question 62

N1, passes through cruciform plate, sensory and smell, originates from cerebrum

Answer 62

olfactory nerve

Question 63

N2, passes through optic foramina, sensory (medial fibers cross at optic chiasm) for vision

Answer 63

optic nerve

Question 64

N3, passes through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid, motor, run most eye muscles

Answer 64

oculomotor nerve

Question 65

N4, passes through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid, smallest nerve, motor, for superior oblique muscles of eye

Answer 65

trochlear nerve

Question 66

N5, through superior orbital fissure, both sensory and motor, includes opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches for facial innervation

Answer 66

trigeminal nerve

Question 67

N6, through superior orbial fissure of sphenoid, motor, for lateral rectus of eye

Answer 67

abducens nerve

Question 68

N7, passes through stylomastoid foramen, both sensory for taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor for facial expression muscles and stimulation of tear and salivary glands

Answer 68

facial nerve

Question 69

N8, passes through internal acoustic meatus, sensory, vestibular for positional changes in head and cochlear for hearing

Answer 69

vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 70

N9, passes through jugular foramen, sensory for posterior 1/3 of tongue, motor for wall of pharynx for swallowing

Answer 70

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 71

N10, passes through jugular foramen, sensory for esophagus and abdomen, motor for somatic motor of speech and swallowing and autonomic motor to heart

Answer 71

vagus nerve

Question 72

N11, passes through jugular foramen, motor (2 branches), muscles of the soft palate and trapezius of the sternocleiomastoid

Answer 72

accessory nerve

Question 73

N12, motor, for chewing, speaking and swallowing

Answer 73

hypoglossal nerve