Brain and Cranial Nerves-Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some general functions of the superior levels of the brain?

A

intellectual thought, imagination, perception, interpretation

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2
Q

What are some general functions of the middle levels of the brain?

A

primal drives, emotion, and visual/auditor reflexes

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3
Q

What are some general functions of the inferior levels of the brain?

A

breathing and cardiovascular function

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4
Q

composed of 2 hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum, falx cerebri separates longitudinally, ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulic and fissures), gray surface with a white interior

A

cerebrum

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5
Q

connect different parts of the same hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

association fibers

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6
Q

connect corresponding cerebral hemispheres

A

commissural fibers

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7
Q

connect cerebrum to lower brain areas

A

projection fibers

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8
Q

general area of higher intellectual process, motor areas for voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, association areas of concentration, planning, and problem solving

A

frontal (anterior) lobe

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9
Q

general sensory area, perception of temperature and touch, association areas for understanding speech and use of words

A

parietal lobe

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10
Q

sensory area for hearing and smell, association area for interpretation of sensory experiences and recalling visual and olfactory senses

A

temporal lobe

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11
Q

sensory area for vision and association area to integrate visual with other sensory experiences

A

occipital lobe

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12
Q

integrates autonomic information, awareness of visceral function

A

insula lobe

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13
Q

visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

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14
Q

tactile cortex

A

parietal lobe

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15
Q

auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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16
Q

olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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17
Q

gustatory cortex

A

insula lobe

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18
Q

conscious control of skeletal muscles, most are in the frontal lobe

A

motor areas

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19
Q

learned motor skills, motor speech area, and voluntary movements of the eyes

A

motor areas of the frontal lobe

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20
Q

somatic motor association area

A

frontal lobe

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21
Q

somatic sensory association area

A

parietal lobe

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22
Q

visual association area

A

occipital lobe

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23
Q

auditory association area

A

temporal lobe

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24
Q

found in the left frontal lobe, near primary motor cortex, damage leads to Brocha’s aphasia, function is coherent speech production, thought to be more grammar related

A

Brocha’s area

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25
found in the left temporal lobe, near primary auditory cortex, analysis of spoken language, damage leads to Wernicke's aphasia, lack of speech understanding, though to be related to individual words
Wernicke's area
26
both sides participate in basic functions, one side usually dominant for some functions, 90% of population is left side dominant, corticospinal tracts decussate
cerebral hemisphere dominance
27
paired masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemispheres, relay impulses from cerebral cortex to brain stem and spinal cord, most produce dopamine as their neurotransmitter, include corpus striatum , amygdaloid nucleus, and clasustrum
basal nuclei
28
basal nuclei that includes caudate nucleus (maintains pattern and rhythm) and lentiform nucleus (pattern/rhythm and muscle tone)
corpus striatum
29
basal nuclei that is part of the limbic system, on tip of caudate nucleus
amygdaloid nucleus
30
basal nuclei between insula and diencephalon, subconscious visual processing
claustrum
31
includes the pinneal gland (production of melatonin), thalamus, and hypothalamus
diencephalon
32
part of diencephalon that integrates and relays sensory information, anterior nuclei part of limbic system, lateral nuclei give emotional and sensory feedback, other areas integrate sensory info
thalamus
33
part of diencephalon that maintains homeostasis, controls autonomic nervous system, regulates body temperature
hypothalamus
34
boarder of cerebrum and diencephalon, involved in emotional responses, easier to recall a memory if associated with an emotional response
limbic system
35
connects brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas, acts are relay center, contains cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra, and corpora quadregemina
mesencephalon (midbrain)
36
part of midbrain that houses the motor fibers of the corticospinal pathway
cerebral peduncles
37
highly vascularized part of the midbrain that integrates involuntary motor control
red nucleus
38
part of midbrain that regulates voluntary control and produces dopamine
substantia nigra
39
part of midbrain that receives visual input from the thalamus and auditory input from the medulla
corpora quadrigemina
40
rounded anterior bulge on inferior aspect of brain stem, separates midbrain and medulla, relays impulses between medulla and cerebrum, regulates breathing
pons
41
below the cerebrum, has 2 hemispheres, integrates propriosensory information (subconscious control of movement and maintenance of posture and balance
cerebellum
42
separates the cerebellum and cerebrum
tentorium cerebelli
43
separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
falx cerebelli
44
connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
45
from foramen magnum to the pons, houses basal functions such as cardiovascular center, vasomotor center, and respiratory center
medulla oblongata
46
brain stem and superior portion of spinal cord, interconnects all major spinal cord tracts, increased activity for wakefulness and decreased activity for sleep
reticular formation
47
only lasts a few seconds, processed by frontal lobe and thalamus, easily replaced or can be transferred
short term memory
48
last for minutes or days, recall of short term memory, uses hippocampus portion of temporal lobe, lost if not used
recent memory
49
found over large areas of cerebral cortex, stored in both hemispheres, result of repeated and varied use of recent information
long term memory
50
What does your brain need to function at optimal levels?
(1) Exercise (2) Sleep (3) Glucose (4) Water (5) Oxygen
51
How does your brain work?
(1) pattern recognition (2) confusion- similarity in different places (3) transient- use it after learning or lose it
52
outermost area of spinal meninges, forms internal periosteum of skull
dura mater
53
layer of meninges that spreads over brain but doesn't follow sulci, subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluis, arachnoid granulations allow for drainage of CSF
pia mater
54
formed in the choroid plexus of ventricles, cushions and supports the mass of the brain, transports nutrients, waste and chemical signals
cerebrospinal fluid
55
contain cerebrospinal spinal fluid, 2 lateral and a 3rd and 4th, allow nourishment to all areas of brain
ventricles
56
How is CSF circulated?
movement of the head and spinal column, ciliated ependymal cells within ventricles, reabsorbed via arachnoid granulations from sagittal sinus
57
What are the areas where the blood brain barrier is broken?
(1) choroid plexus- ependymal cells need blood for CSF (2) hypothalamus- secrete into blood stream (3) posterior pituitary gland- secrete oxytocin (4) pinneal gland- secrete melatonin
58
results from too much production of CSF, inadequate drainage which creates a blockage or a tumor, surgical shunt can drain fluid, adult brain pressured, infant sees cranial expansion
hydrocephalus
59
pneumonic device for names of cranial nerves
Olympian Olga Often Took Testosterone Obtaining Massive Muscles And Formerly Voluptuous Grew Vile and Hairy
60
pneumonic device for composition of cranial nerves
Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More
61
numbered superior to inferior, all originate from brain stem except 1st pair, most are mixed nerves, cell bodies for sensory found in ganglia outside brain, cell bodies for motor found in grey matter, pass through foramina in skull
cranial nerves
62
N1, passes through cruciform plate, sensory and smell, originates from cerebrum
olfactory nerve
63
N2, passes through optic foramina, sensory (medial fibers cross at optic chiasm) for vision
optic nerve
64
N3, passes through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid, motor, run most eye muscles
oculomotor nerve
65
N4, passes through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid, smallest nerve, motor, for superior oblique muscles of eye
trochlear nerve
66
N5, through superior orbital fissure, both sensory and motor, includes opthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches for facial innervation
trigeminal nerve
67
N6, through superior orbial fissure of sphenoid, motor, for lateral rectus of eye
abducens nerve
68
N7, passes through stylomastoid foramen, both sensory for taste receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor for facial expression muscles and stimulation of tear and salivary glands
facial nerve
69
N8, passes through internal acoustic meatus, sensory, vestibular for positional changes in head and cochlear for hearing
vestibulocochlear nerve
70
N9, passes through jugular foramen, sensory for posterior 1/3 of tongue, motor for wall of pharynx for swallowing
glossopharyngeal nerve
71
N10, passes through jugular foramen, sensory for esophagus and abdomen, motor for somatic motor of speech and swallowing and autonomic motor to heart
vagus nerve
72
N11, passes through jugular foramen, motor (2 branches), muscles of the soft palate and trapezius of the sternocleiomastoid
accessory nerve
73
N12, motor, for chewing, speaking and swallowing
hypoglossal nerve