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Gen. Anatomy Lecture > General and Special Senses-Chapter 18 > Flashcards

General and Special Senses-Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

cell that has action potential in sensory neuron (directly or indirectly)

A

sensory receptor

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2
Q

only active with changed conditions

A

phasic receptor

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3
Q

always sends signals

A

tonic receptor

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4
Q

area monitored by single receptor cell, convergence confuses brain

A

receptive field

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5
Q

Receptors are specific and respond differently to a specific stimuli. Why?

A

cell structure and accessory structures amongst the cells vary

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6
Q

All nerve impulses are identical, however, the _______ interprets them differently. Perception occurs when ____________ are interpreted

A

brain and sensory impulses

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7
Q

sensory adaptations occur when a person is __________

A

subjected to a continuous stimulus

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8
Q

decreased rate of impulse conduction

A

reduction of sensitivity

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9
Q

receptors or neurons decrease activity

A

peripheral adaptation

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10
Q

sensory neurons are still active, however nuclei are inhibited for a reduced perception

A

central adaptation

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11
Q

Why do senses information have a limitation?

A

information from receptors is incomplete, don’t have receptors for every stimulus, interpretation of a stimulus is still required

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12
Q

What do nociceptors sense?

A

tissue damage from temperature extremes, mechanical stress, chemical stress, perception to pain

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13
Q

Where are nociceptors found?

A

everywhere except brain, high concentration in joint capsules and epidermis, have a protective function with very little adaptation

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of pain?

A

(1) fast pain
(2) slow pain
(3) referred pain

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15
Q

quick, often described as pricking and stabbing, usually induces a reflex, relayed to parietal lobe

A

fast pain

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16
Q

described as burning or aching, begins later and persists longer, to reticular formation and thalamus

A

slow pain

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17
Q

visceral pain felt from superficial region

A

referred pain

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18
Q

Thermoreceptors either detect heat or cold, but not both. Why are there more cold receptors than heat receptors?

A

more cold because a person is morel likely to be in an environment cooler than there internal body temperature, cooling slows down reactions which is bad for the body

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19
Q

Where are thermoreceptors found?

A

free dendrites in the dermis and skeletal muscle, quick to adapt and sent to reticular formation and thalamus

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20
Q

What are the 3 kinds of mechanoreceptors?

A

(1) tactile- touch, pressure, vibration
(2) baroreceptors- pressure changes in vessel walls
(3) proprioceptors- position of muscle and joints

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21
Q

What are 3 kinds of unencapsulated tactile receptors?

A

(1) free nerve endings- general touch
(2) tactile disc- fine touch with Merkel cells
(3) root hair- distortions of body surface

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22
Q

What are 3 kinds of capsulated tactile receptors?

A

(1) tactile corpuscles- fine touch (lips)
(2) Ruffini corpuscles- dermal torsion
(3) lamellated corpuscle- deep pressue

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23
Q

mechanoreceptors that monitor changes in pressure, free dendrites are found in elastic connective tissue and input regulated autonomic activities

A

baroreceptors

24
Q

monitor position of joints and state of muscles, no adaptation to stimulus, include muscle spindle (stretch in muscle), golgi tendon organ (tension in tendon), and joint capsule (angle of articulation)

A

proprioceptors

25
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to substances dissolved into the ECF and detect changes in body fluid composition. Where are they found?

A

chemosensitive area of medulla oblongata and aortic/carotid bodies

26
Q

Special senses are generally more complex than general senses. Why is this?

A

have specialized receptor cells in sense organs that are separate from sensory neuron

27
Q

Olfactory receptors are made of highly modified __________ neurons and their cilia are covered in mucus from the __________

A

bipolar and olfactory gland

28
Q

What is the nervous pathway of olfaction?

A

receptor cells, travel to olfactory bulb and cranial nerve I, DOES NOT GO THROUGH THALAMUS, can travel to temporal lobe for perception of smell or limbic system for emotional response

29
Q

While there are over 400 different olfactory receptors, there is no structural differences between the cells. This is because…?

A

different receptors have different sensitivities and they can be used in different combos

30
Q

Taste buds house many papillae which contain chemoreceptors. What are the 3 kinds of papillae?

A

(1) cicumvallate- round walled
(2) fungiform- mushroom shaped
(3) filiform- thread like

31
Q

Gustatory cell clusters contain approx. 40 cells. Micorvilli taste hairs are extended into the pore. Why are they recessed into the epithelium?

A

isolate and protect from mechanical contact

32
Q

What are the 5 general gustatory tatses (from anterior to posterior)?

A

(1) sweet
(2) salty
(3) sour
(4) bitter
(5) umami

33
Q

What is the nervous pathway of gustation?

A

cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10, to medulla oblongata, then to thalamus and gustatory cortex in insula/frontal lobe

34
Q

What are the 3 parts to the external ear?

A

(1) auricle- elastic cartilage to protect and direct
(2) external acoustic meatus- fine particle protection
(3) tympanic membrane- thin connective tissue

35
Q

What are the 3 parts of the middle ear?

A

(1) tympanic cavity- air btwn inner and outer
(2) auditory ossicles- amplify sound
(3) eustachian tube- equalize pressure in mid ear to atmosphere

36
Q

The cochlea is found in the inner ear. It is made up of the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. How are they different?

A

Bony labyrinth is exterior bone layer filled with perilymph and forms the vistibular and tympanic duct. The membranous labyrinth is internal and filled with endolymph and froms the cochlear duct.

37
Q

between the cochlear and tympanic membane

A

basilar membrane

38
Q

mechanoreceptors with sterocilia, nerve fibers to the cochelar branch of cranial nerve VIII

A

hair cells

39
Q

positioned above hair cell sterocilia, movement distorts sterocilia

A

tectorial membrane

40
Q

What is the path of vibration for hearing?

A

auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, perilymph of bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth, basilar membrane, sterocilia make contact with tectorial membrane and innervate cranial nerve VIII (cochlear of vestibulocochlear)

41
Q

What is the pathway for auditory sensations?

A

cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII, medulla oblongata, thalamus, auditory cortex of temporal lobe

42
Q

anterior, lateral and posterior semicircular canals, each end at an ampulla, also contain the otolith organs of the utricle and saccule

A

vestibular complex

43
Q

The ampullae sense rotation. How?

A

endolymph is moved and distorts the cupula, the stereocilia on the hair cells are moved and depolarization occurs

44
Q

The utricle and saccule sense linear acceleration. How?

A

hair cells called maculae are embedded in the otolith (gel with CaCo3), gravity pulls on the CaCo3 and the otoliths are moved and finally bends the stereocilia

45
Q

What is the nervous pathway for balance sensation?

A

hair cells are bent and are innervated by the vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII, conscious balance to corpora quadrigemina in cerebral cortex, subconscious to cerebellum or vestibulospinal tract

46
Q

have an oily secretion that stops the eyelids from sticking and decrease tear evaporation

A

tarsal glands

47
Q

protective mucus membranes on the eyelids and eye, part that becomes inflamed during pink eye

A

conjunctiva

48
Q

What are the steps to the lacrimal apparatus?

A

lacrimal gland (tears), lacrimal puncta (pores), lacrimal canaliculi (channels), lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, nasal cavity

49
Q

The eye contains 3 tissue layers and 2 cavities. What are they?

A

(1) fibrous tunic
(2) vascular tunic
(3) neural tunic

(1) posterior cavity-gelatinous vitreous body
(2) anterior cavity-clear aqueous humor

50
Q

What are the parts of the fibrous tunic?

A

the sclera, the dense CT white part, and cornea, transparent layer

51
Q

What are the parts of the vascular tunic?

A

(1) iris- smooth muscle and pigments, controls pupil size
(2) choroid- nourishes retina
(3) lens- layered proteins, refracts light
(4) ciliary body- attached to suspensory ligaments, change to ciliary muscle change lens shape and focus

52
Q

The retina makes up the neural tunic of the eye. What are the 5 cell types of the retina?

A

(1) receptor cells- rods/cones for light detection
(2) bipolar neurons- synapse with receptors
(3) ganglion cells- synapse with bipolars
(4) horizontal cells- communicate btwn receptors and bipolar cells
(5) amacrine cells- communicate btwn bipolar and ganlion cells

53
Q

What are the 2 kinds of receptor cells?

A

rods- around periphery, very light sensitive, require less light, 125 million

cones- 6 million, for color vision, across entire spectrum, provide sharper image

54
Q

What are the regions of the retina?

A

macula lutea- only cones, no rods, place of visual focus

fovea- mosly cones, center of macula lutea

optic disc- beginning of optic nerve, blind spot of mainly axons

55
Q

What is the nervous pathway for visual perception?

A

photoreceptors, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells, optic disc, optic nerve, optic chiasm, thalamus, visual cortex of occipital nerve

Gen. Anatomy Lecture (15 decks)

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